{-# OPTIONS -cpp #-}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- |
-- Module      :  Data.Sequence
-- Copyright   :  (c) Ross Paterson 2005
--                (c) Louis Wasserman 2009
-- License     :  BSD-style
-- Maintainer  :  libraries@haskell.org
-- Stability   :  experimental
-- Portability :  portable
--
-- General purpose finite sequences.
-- Apart from being finite and having strict operations, sequences
-- also differ from lists in supporting a wider variety of operations
-- efficiently.
--
-- An amortized running time is given for each operation, with /n/ referring
-- to the length of the sequence and /i/ being the integral index used by
-- some operations.  These bounds hold even in a persistent (shared) setting.
--
-- The implementation uses 2-3 finger trees annotated with sizes,
-- as described in section 4.2 of
--
--    * Ralf Hinze and Ross Paterson,
--	\"Finger trees: a simple general-purpose data structure\",
--	/Journal of Functional Programming/ 16:2 (2006) pp 197-217.
--	<http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~ross/papers/FingerTree.html>
--
-- /Note/: Many of these operations have the same names as similar
-- operations on lists in the "Prelude".  The ambiguity may be resolved
-- using either qualification or the @hiding@ clause.
--
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

module Data.Sequence (
	Seq,
	-- * Construction
	empty,		-- :: Seq a
	singleton,	-- :: a -> Seq a
	(<|),		-- :: a -> Seq a -> Seq a
	(|>),		-- :: Seq a -> a -> Seq a
	(><),		-- :: Seq a -> Seq a -> Seq a
	fromList,	-- :: [a] -> Seq a
	-- ** Repetition
	replicate,	-- :: Int -> a -> Seq a
	replicateA,	-- :: Applicative f => Int -> f a -> f (Seq a)
	replicateM,	-- :: Monad m => Int -> m a -> m (Seq a)
	-- ** Iterative construction
	iterateN,	-- :: Int -> (a -> a) -> a -> Seq a
	unfoldr,	-- :: (b -> Maybe (a, b)) -> b -> Seq a
	unfoldl,	-- :: (b -> Maybe (b, a)) -> b -> Seq a
	-- * Deconstruction
	-- | Additional functions for deconstructing sequences are available
	-- via the 'Foldable' instance of 'Seq'.

	-- ** Queries
	null,		-- :: Seq a -> Bool
	length,		-- :: Seq a -> Int
	-- ** Views
	ViewL(..),
	viewl,		-- :: Seq a -> ViewL a
	ViewR(..),
	viewr,		-- :: Seq a -> ViewR a
	-- * Scans
	scanl,		-- :: (a -> b -> a) -> a -> Seq b -> Seq a
	scanl1,		-- :: (a -> a -> a) -> Seq a -> Seq a
	scanr,		-- :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Seq a -> Seq b
	scanr1,		-- :: (a -> a -> a) -> Seq a -> Seq a
	-- * Sublists
	tails,		-- :: Seq a -> Seq (Seq a)
	inits,		-- :: Seq a -> Seq (Seq a)
	-- ** Sequential searches
	takeWhileL,	-- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
	takeWhileR,	-- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
	dropWhileL,	-- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
	dropWhileR,	-- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
	spanl,		-- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
	spanr,		-- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
	breakl,		-- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
	breakr,		-- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
	partition,	-- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
	filter,		-- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
	-- * Sorting
	sort,		-- :: Ord a => Seq a -> Seq a
	sortBy,		-- :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> Seq a -> Seq a
	unstableSort,	-- :: Ord a => Seq a -> Seq a
	unstableSortBy,	-- :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> Seq a -> Seq a
	-- * Indexing
	index,		-- :: Seq a -> Int -> a
	adjust,		-- :: (a -> a) -> Int -> Seq a -> Seq a
	update,		-- :: Int -> a -> Seq a -> Seq a
	take,		-- :: Int -> Seq a -> Seq a
	drop,		-- :: Int -> Seq a -> Seq a
	splitAt,	-- :: Int -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
	-- ** Indexing with predicates
	-- | These functions perform sequential searches from the left
	-- or right ends of the sequence, returning indices of matching
	-- elements.
	elemIndexL,	-- :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> Maybe Int
	elemIndicesL,	-- :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> [Int]
	elemIndexR,	-- :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> Maybe Int
	elemIndicesR,	-- :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> [Int]
	findIndexL,	-- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Maybe Int
	findIndicesL,	-- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> [Int]
	findIndexR,	-- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Maybe Int
	findIndicesR,	-- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> [Int]
	-- * Folds
	-- | General folds are available via the 'Foldable' instance of 'Seq'.
	foldlWithIndex,	-- :: (b -> Int -> a -> b) -> b -> Seq a -> b
	foldrWithIndex, -- :: (Int -> a -> b -> b) -> b -> Seq a -> b
	-- * Transformations
	mapWithIndex,	-- :: (Int -> a -> b) -> Seq a -> Seq b
	reverse,	-- :: Seq a -> Seq a
	-- ** Zips
	zip,		-- :: Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq (a, b)
	zipWith, 	-- :: (a -> b -> c) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c
	zip3,		-- :: Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq (a, b, c)
	zipWith3,	-- :: (a -> b -> c -> d) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq d
	zip4,		-- :: Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq d -> Seq (a, b, c, d)
	zipWith4,	-- :: (a -> b -> c -> d -> e) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq d -> Seq e
#if TESTING
	valid,
#endif
	) where

import Prelude hiding (
	Functor(..),
	null, length, take, drop, splitAt, foldl, foldl1, foldr, foldr1,
	scanl, scanl1, scanr, scanr1, replicate, zip, zipWith, zip3, zipWith3,
	takeWhile, dropWhile, iterate, reverse, filter, mapM, sum, all)
import qualified Data.List (foldl', sortBy)
import Control.Applicative (Applicative(..), (<$>), WrappedMonad(..), liftA, liftA2, liftA3)
import Control.Monad (MonadPlus(..), ap)
import Data.Monoid (Monoid(..))
import Data.Functor (Functor(..))
import Data.Foldable
import Data.Traversable
#ifndef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
import Data.Typeable (Typeable, typeOf, typeOfDefault)
#endif
import Data.Typeable (TyCon, Typeable1(..), mkTyCon, mkTyConApp )

#ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
import GHC.Exts (build)
import Text.Read (Lexeme(Ident), lexP, parens, prec,
	readPrec, readListPrec, readListPrecDefault)
import Data.Data (Data(..), DataType, Constr, Fixity(..),
                             mkConstr, mkDataType, constrIndex, gcast1)
#endif

#if TESTING
import Control.Monad (liftM, liftM2, liftM3, liftM4)
import qualified Data.List (zipWith)
import Test.QuickCheck hiding ((><))
#endif

infixr 5 `consTree`
infixl 5 `snocTree`

infixr 5 ><
infixr 5 <|, :<
infixl 5 |>, :>

class Sized a where
	size :: a -> Int

-- | General-purpose finite sequences.
newtype Seq a = Seq (FingerTree (Elem a))

instance Functor Seq where
	fmap f (Seq xs) = Seq (fmap (fmap f) xs)
#ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
	x <$ s = replicate (length s) x
#endif

instance Foldable Seq where
	foldr f z (Seq xs) = foldr (flip (foldr f)) z xs
	foldl f z (Seq xs) = foldl (foldl f) z xs

	foldr1 f (Seq xs) = getElem (foldr1 f' xs)
	  where f' (Elem x) (Elem y) = Elem (f x y)

	foldl1 f (Seq xs) = getElem (foldl1 f' xs)
	  where f' (Elem x) (Elem y) = Elem (f x y)

instance Traversable Seq where
	traverse f (Seq xs) = Seq <$> traverse (traverse f) xs

instance Monad Seq where
	return = singleton
	xs >>= f = foldl' add empty xs
	  where add ys x = ys >< f x

instance MonadPlus Seq where
	mzero = empty
	mplus = (><)

instance Eq a => Eq (Seq a) where
	xs == ys = length xs == length ys && toList xs == toList ys

instance Ord a => Ord (Seq a) where
	compare xs ys = compare (toList xs) (toList ys)

#if TESTING
instance Show a => Show (Seq a) where
	showsPrec p (Seq x) = showsPrec p x
#else
instance Show a => Show (Seq a) where
	showsPrec p xs = showParen (p > 10) $
		showString "fromList " . shows (toList xs)
#endif

instance Read a => Read (Seq a) where
#ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
	readPrec = parens $ prec 10 $ do
		Ident "fromList" <- lexP
		xs <- readPrec
		return (fromList xs)

	readListPrec = readListPrecDefault
#else
	readsPrec p = readParen (p > 10) $ \ r -> do
		("fromList",s) <- lex r
		(xs,t) <- reads s
		return (fromList xs,t)
#endif

instance Monoid (Seq a) where
	mempty = empty
	mappend = (><)

#include "Typeable.h"
INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1(Seq,seqTc,"Seq")

#if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
instance Data a => Data (Seq a) where
	gfoldl f z s	= case viewl s of
		EmptyL	-> z empty
		x :< xs -> z (<|) `f` x `f` xs

	gunfold k z c	= case constrIndex c of
		1 -> z empty
		2 -> k (k (z (<|)))
		_ -> error "gunfold"

	toConstr xs
	  | null xs	= emptyConstr
	  | otherwise	= consConstr

	dataTypeOf _	= seqDataType

	dataCast1 f	= gcast1 f

emptyConstr, consConstr :: Constr
emptyConstr = mkConstr seqDataType "empty" [] Prefix
consConstr  = mkConstr seqDataType "<|" [] Infix

seqDataType :: DataType
seqDataType = mkDataType "Data.Sequence.Seq" [emptyConstr, consConstr]
#endif

-- Finger trees

data FingerTree a
	= Empty
	| Single a
	| Deep {-# UNPACK #-} !Int !(Digit a) (FingerTree (Node a)) !(Digit a)
#if TESTING
	deriving Show
#endif

instance Sized a => Sized (FingerTree a) where
	{-# SPECIALIZE instance Sized (FingerTree (Elem a)) #-}
	{-# SPECIALIZE instance Sized (FingerTree (Node a)) #-}
	size Empty		= 0
	size (Single x)		= size x
	size (Deep v _ _ _)	= v

instance Foldable FingerTree where
	foldr _ z Empty = z
	foldr f z (Single x) = x `f` z
	foldr f z (Deep _ pr m sf) =
		foldr f (foldr (flip (foldr f)) (foldr f z sf) m) pr

	foldl _ z Empty = z
	foldl f z (Single x) = z `f` x
	foldl f z (Deep _ pr m sf) =
		foldl f (foldl (foldl f) (foldl f z pr) m) sf

	foldr1 _ Empty = error "foldr1: empty sequence"
	foldr1 _ (Single x) = x
	foldr1 f (Deep _ pr m sf) =
		foldr f (foldr (flip (foldr f)) (foldr1 f sf) m) pr

	foldl1 _ Empty = error "foldl1: empty sequence"
	foldl1 _ (Single x) = x
	foldl1 f (Deep _ pr m sf) =
		foldl f (foldl (foldl f) (foldl1 f pr) m) sf

instance Functor FingerTree where
	fmap _ Empty = Empty
	fmap f (Single x) = Single (f x)
	fmap f (Deep v pr m sf) =
		Deep v (fmap f pr) (fmap (fmap f) m) (fmap f sf)

instance Traversable FingerTree where
	traverse _ Empty = pure Empty
	traverse f (Single x) = Single <$> f x
	traverse f (Deep v pr m sf) =
		Deep v <$> traverse f pr <*> traverse (traverse f) m <*>
			traverse f sf

{-# INLINE deep #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE INLINE deep :: Digit (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Node (Elem a)) -> Digit (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem a) #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE INLINE deep :: Digit (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> Digit (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node a) #-}
deep		:: Sized a => Digit a -> FingerTree (Node a) -> Digit a -> FingerTree a
deep pr m sf	=  Deep (size pr + size m + size sf) pr m sf

{-# INLINE pullL #-}
pullL :: Sized a => Int -> FingerTree (Node a) -> Digit a -> FingerTree a
pullL s m sf = case viewLTree m of
	Nothing2	-> digitToTree' s sf
	Just2 pr m'	-> Deep s (nodeToDigit pr) m' sf

{-# INLINE pullR #-}
pullR :: Sized a => Int -> Digit a -> FingerTree (Node a) -> FingerTree a
pullR s pr m = case viewRTree m of
	Nothing2	-> digitToTree' s pr
	Just2 m' sf	-> Deep s pr m' (nodeToDigit sf)

{-# SPECIALIZE deepL :: Maybe (Digit (Elem a)) -> FingerTree (Node (Elem a)) -> Digit (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem a) #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE deepL :: Maybe (Digit (Node a)) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> Digit (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node a) #-}
deepL :: Sized a => Maybe (Digit a) -> FingerTree (Node a) -> Digit a -> FingerTree a
deepL Nothing m sf	= pullL (size m + size sf) m sf
deepL (Just pr) m sf	= deep pr m sf

{-# SPECIALIZE deepR :: Digit (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Node (Elem a)) -> Maybe (Digit (Elem a)) -> FingerTree (Elem a) #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE deepR :: Digit (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> Maybe (Digit (Node a)) -> FingerTree (Node a) #-}
deepR :: Sized a => Digit a -> FingerTree (Node a) -> Maybe (Digit a) -> FingerTree a
deepR pr m Nothing	= pullR (size m + size pr) pr m
deepR pr m (Just sf)	= deep pr m sf

-- Digits

data Digit a
	= One a
	| Two a a
	| Three a a a
	| Four a a a a
#if TESTING
	deriving Show
#endif

instance Foldable Digit where
	foldr f z (One a) = a `f` z
	foldr f z (Two a b) = a `f` (b `f` z)
	foldr f z (Three a b c) = a `f` (b `f` (c `f` z))
	foldr f z (Four a b c d) = a `f` (b `f` (c `f` (d `f` z)))

	foldl f z (One a) = z `f` a
	foldl f z (Two a b) = (z `f` a) `f` b
	foldl f z (Three a b c) = ((z `f` a) `f` b) `f` c
	foldl f z (Four a b c d) = (((z `f` a) `f` b) `f` c) `f` d

	foldr1 _ (One a) = a
	foldr1 f (Two a b) = a `f` b
	foldr1 f (Three a b c) = a `f` (b `f` c)
	foldr1 f (Four a b c d) = a `f` (b `f` (c `f` d))

	foldl1 _ (One a) = a
	foldl1 f (Two a b) = a `f` b
	foldl1 f (Three a b c) = (a `f` b) `f` c
	foldl1 f (Four a b c d) = ((a `f` b) `f` c) `f` d

instance Functor Digit where
	fmap = fmapDefault

instance Traversable Digit where
	{-# INLINE traverse #-}
	traverse f (One a) = One <$> f a
	traverse f (Two a b) = Two <$> f a <*> f b
	traverse f (Three a b c) = Three <$> f a <*> f b <*> f c
	traverse f (Four a b c d) = Four <$> f a <*> f b <*> f c <*> f d

instance Sized a => Sized (Digit a) where
	{-# INLINE size #-}
	size = foldl1 (+) . fmap size

{-# SPECIALIZE digitToTree :: Digit (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem a) #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE digitToTree :: Digit (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node a) #-}
digitToTree	:: Sized a => Digit a -> FingerTree a
digitToTree (One a) = Single a
digitToTree (Two a b) = deep (One a) Empty (One b)
digitToTree (Three a b c) = deep (Two a b) Empty (One c)
digitToTree (Four a b c d) = deep (Two a b) Empty (Two c d)

-- | Given the size of a digit and the digit itself, efficiently converts
-- it to a FingerTree.
digitToTree' :: Int -> Digit a -> FingerTree a
digitToTree' n (Four a b c d) = Deep n (Two a b) Empty (Two c d)
digitToTree' n (Three a b c) = Deep n (Two a b) Empty (One c)
digitToTree' n (Two a b) = Deep n (One a) Empty (One b)
digitToTree' n (One a) = n `seq` Single a

-- Nodes

data Node a
	= Node2 {-# UNPACK #-} !Int a a
	| Node3 {-# UNPACK #-} !Int a a a
#if TESTING
	deriving Show
#endif

instance Foldable Node where
	foldr f z (Node2 _ a b) = a `f` (b `f` z)
	foldr f z (Node3 _ a b c) = a `f` (b `f` (c `f` z))

	foldl f z (Node2 _ a b) = (z `f` a) `f` b
	foldl f z (Node3 _ a b c) = ((z `f` a) `f` b) `f` c

instance Functor Node where
	{-# INLINE fmap #-}
	fmap = fmapDefault

instance Traversable Node where
	{-# INLINE traverse #-}
	traverse f (Node2 v a b) = Node2 v <$> f a <*> f b
	traverse f (Node3 v a b c) = Node3 v <$> f a <*> f b <*> f c

instance Sized (Node a) where
	size (Node2 v _ _)	= v
	size (Node3 v _ _ _)	= v

{-# INLINE node2 #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE node2 :: Elem a -> Elem a -> Node (Elem a) #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE node2 :: Node a -> Node a -> Node (Node a) #-}
node2		:: Sized a => a -> a -> Node a
node2 a b	=  Node2 (size a + size b) a b

{-# INLINE node3 #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE node3 :: Elem a -> Elem a -> Elem a -> Node (Elem a) #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE node3 :: Node a -> Node a -> Node a -> Node (Node a) #-}
node3		:: Sized a => a -> a -> a -> Node a
node3 a b c	=  Node3 (size a + size b + size c) a b c

nodeToDigit :: Node a -> Digit a
nodeToDigit (Node2 _ a b) = Two a b
nodeToDigit (Node3 _ a b c) = Three a b c

-- Elements

newtype Elem a  =  Elem { getElem :: a }

instance Sized (Elem a) where
	size _ = 1

instance Functor Elem where
	fmap f (Elem x) = Elem (f x)

instance Foldable Elem where
	foldr f z (Elem x) = f x z
	foldl f z (Elem x) = f z x

instance Traversable Elem where
	traverse f (Elem x) = Elem <$> f x

#ifdef TESTING
instance (Show a) => Show (Elem a) where
	showsPrec p (Elem x) = showsPrec p x
#endif

-------------------------------------------------------
-- Applicative construction
-------------------------------------------------------

newtype Id a = Id {runId :: a}

instance Functor Id where
	fmap f (Id x) = Id (f x)

instance Monad Id where
	return = Id
	m >>= k = k (runId m)

instance Applicative Id where
	pure = return
	(<*>) = ap

-- | This is essentially a clone of Control.Monad.State.Strict.
newtype State s a = State {runState :: s -> (s, a)}

instance Functor (State s) where
	fmap = liftA

instance Monad (State s) where
	{-# INLINE return #-}
	{-# INLINE (>>=) #-}
	return x = State $ \ s -> (s, x)
	m >>= k = State $ \ s -> case runState m s of
		(s', x)	-> runState (k x) s'

instance Applicative (State s) where
	pure = return
	(<*>) = ap

execState :: State s a -> s -> a
execState m x = snd (runState m x)

-- | A helper method: a strict version of mapAccumL.
mapAccumL' :: Traversable t => (a -> b -> (a, c)) -> a -> t b -> (a, t c)
mapAccumL' f s t = runState (traverse (State . flip f) t) s

-- | 'applicativeTree' takes an Applicative-wrapped construction of a
-- piece of a FingerTree, assumed to always have the same size (which
-- is put in the second argument), and replicates it as many times as
-- specified.  This is a generalization of 'replicateA', which itself
-- is a generalization of many Data.Sequence methods.
{-# SPECIALIZE applicativeTree :: Int -> Int -> State s a -> State s (FingerTree a) #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE applicativeTree :: Int -> Int -> Id a -> Id (FingerTree a) #-}
-- Special note: the Id specialization automatically does node sharing,
-- reducing memory usage of the resulting tree to /O(log n)/.
applicativeTree :: Applicative f => Int -> Int -> f a -> f (FingerTree a)
applicativeTree n mSize m = mSize `seq` case n of
	0 -> emptyTree
	1 -> liftA Single m
	2 -> deepA one emptyTree one
	3 -> deepA two emptyTree one
	4 -> deepA two emptyTree two
	5 -> deepA three emptyTree two
	6 -> deepA three emptyTree three
	7 -> deepA four emptyTree three
	8 -> deepA four emptyTree four
	_ -> let (q, r) = n `quotRem` 3 in q `seq` case r of
		0 -> deepA three (applicativeTree (q - 2) mSize' n3) three
		1 -> deepA four (applicativeTree (q - 2) mSize' n3) three
		_ -> deepA four (applicativeTree (q - 2) mSize' n3) four
  where
	one = liftA One m
	two = liftA2 Two m m
	three = liftA3 Three m m m
	four = liftA3 Four m m m <*> m
	deepA = liftA3 (Deep (n * mSize))
	mSize' = 3 * mSize
	n3 = liftA3 (Node3 mSize') m m m
	emptyTree = pure Empty

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Construction
------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- | /O(1)/. The empty sequence.
empty		:: Seq a
empty		=  Seq Empty

-- | /O(1)/. A singleton sequence.
singleton	:: a -> Seq a
singleton x	=  Seq (Single (Elem x))

-- | /O(log n)/. @replicate n x@ is a sequence consisting of @n@ copies of @x@.
replicate	:: Int -> a -> Seq a
replicate n x
  | n >= 0	= runId (replicateA n (Id x))
  | otherwise	= error "replicate takes a nonnegative integer argument"

-- | 'replicateA' is an 'Applicative' version of 'replicate', and makes
-- /O(log n)/ calls to '<*>' and 'pure'.
--
-- > replicateA n x = sequenceA (replicate n x)
replicateA :: Applicative f => Int -> f a -> f (Seq a)
replicateA n x
  | n >= 0	= Seq <$> applicativeTree n 1 (Elem <$> x)
  | otherwise	= error "replicateA takes a nonnegative integer argument"

-- | 'replicateM' is a sequence counterpart of 'Control.Monad.replicateM'.
--
-- > replicateM n x = sequence (replicate n x)
replicateM :: Monad m => Int -> m a -> m (Seq a)
replicateM n x
  | n >= 0	= unwrapMonad (replicateA n (WrapMonad x))
  | otherwise	= error "replicateM takes a nonnegative integer argument"

-- | /O(1)/. Add an element to the left end of a sequence.
-- Mnemonic: a triangle with the single element at the pointy end.
(<|)		:: a -> Seq a -> Seq a
x <| Seq xs	=  Seq (Elem x `consTree` xs)

{-# SPECIALIZE consTree :: Elem a -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem a) #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE consTree :: Node a -> FingerTree (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node a) #-}
consTree	:: Sized a => a -> FingerTree a -> FingerTree a
consTree a Empty	= Single a
consTree a (Single b)	= deep (One a) Empty (One b)
consTree a (Deep s (Four b c d e) m sf) = m `seq`
	Deep (size a + s) (Two a b) (node3 c d e `consTree` m) sf
consTree a (Deep s (Three b c d) m sf) =
	Deep (size a + s) (Four a b c d) m sf
consTree a (Deep s (Two b c) m sf) =
	Deep (size a + s) (Three a b c) m sf
consTree a (Deep s (One b) m sf) =
	Deep (size a + s) (Two a b) m sf

-- | /O(1)/. Add an element to the right end of a sequence.
-- Mnemonic: a triangle with the single element at the pointy end.
(|>)		:: Seq a -> a -> Seq a
Seq xs |> x	=  Seq (xs `snocTree` Elem x)

{-# SPECIALIZE snocTree :: FingerTree (Elem a) -> Elem a -> FingerTree (Elem a) #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE snocTree :: FingerTree (Node a) -> Node a -> FingerTree (Node a) #-}
snocTree	:: Sized a => FingerTree a -> a -> FingerTree a
snocTree Empty a	=  Single a
snocTree (Single a) b	=  deep (One a) Empty (One b)
snocTree (Deep s pr m (Four a b c d)) e = m `seq`
	Deep (s + size e) pr (m `snocTree` node3 a b c) (Two d e)
snocTree (Deep s pr m (Three a b c)) d =
	Deep (s + size d) pr m (Four a b c d)
snocTree (Deep s pr m (Two a b)) c =
	Deep (s + size c) pr m (Three a b c)
snocTree (Deep s pr m (One a)) b =
	Deep (s + size b) pr m (Two a b)

-- | /O(log(min(n1,n2)))/. Concatenate two sequences.
(><)		:: Seq a -> Seq a -> Seq a
Seq xs >< Seq ys = Seq (appendTree0 xs ys)

-- The appendTree/addDigits gunk below is machine generated

appendTree0 :: FingerTree (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem a)
appendTree0 Empty xs =
	xs
appendTree0 xs Empty =
	xs
appendTree0 (Single x) xs =
	x `consTree` xs
appendTree0 xs (Single x) =
	xs `snocTree` x
appendTree0 (Deep s1 pr1 m1 sf1) (Deep s2 pr2 m2 sf2) =
	Deep (s1 + s2) pr1 (addDigits0 m1 sf1 pr2 m2) sf2

addDigits0 :: FingerTree (Node (Elem a)) -> Digit (Elem a) -> Digit (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Node (Elem a)) -> FingerTree (Node (Elem a))
addDigits0 m1 (One a) (One b) m2 =
	appendTree1 m1 (node2 a b) m2
addDigits0 m1 (One a) (Two b c) m2 =
	appendTree1 m1 (node3 a b c) m2
addDigits0 m1 (One a) (Three b c d) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node2 a b) (node2 c d) m2
addDigits0 m1 (One a) (Four b c d e) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) m2
addDigits0 m1 (Two a b) (One c) m2 =
	appendTree1 m1 (node3 a b c) m2
addDigits0 m1 (Two a b) (Two c d) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node2 a b) (node2 c d) m2
addDigits0 m1 (Two a b) (Three c d e) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) m2
addDigits0 m1 (Two a b) (Four c d e f) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
addDigits0 m1 (Three a b c) (One d) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node2 a b) (node2 c d) m2
addDigits0 m1 (Three a b c) (Two d e) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) m2
addDigits0 m1 (Three a b c) (Three d e f) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
addDigits0 m1 (Three a b c) (Four d e f g) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
addDigits0 m1 (Four a b c d) (One e) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) m2
addDigits0 m1 (Four a b c d) (Two e f) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
addDigits0 m1 (Four a b c d) (Three e f g) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
addDigits0 m1 (Four a b c d) (Four e f g h) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2

appendTree1 :: FingerTree (Node a) -> Node a -> FingerTree (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node a)
appendTree1 Empty a xs =
	a `consTree` xs
appendTree1 xs a Empty =
	xs `snocTree` a
appendTree1 (Single x) a xs =
	x `consTree` a `consTree` xs
appendTree1 xs a (Single x) =
	xs `snocTree` a `snocTree` x
appendTree1 (Deep s1 pr1 m1 sf1) a (Deep s2 pr2 m2 sf2) =
	Deep (s1 + size a + s2) pr1 (addDigits1 m1 sf1 a pr2 m2) sf2

addDigits1 :: FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> Digit (Node a) -> Node a -> Digit (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a))
addDigits1 m1 (One a) b (One c) m2 =
	appendTree1 m1 (node3 a b c) m2
addDigits1 m1 (One a) b (Two c d) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node2 a b) (node2 c d) m2
addDigits1 m1 (One a) b (Three c d e) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) m2
addDigits1 m1 (One a) b (Four c d e f) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
addDigits1 m1 (Two a b) c (One d) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node2 a b) (node2 c d) m2
addDigits1 m1 (Two a b) c (Two d e) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) m2
addDigits1 m1 (Two a b) c (Three d e f) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
addDigits1 m1 (Two a b) c (Four d e f g) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
addDigits1 m1 (Three a b c) d (One e) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) m2
addDigits1 m1 (Three a b c) d (Two e f) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
addDigits1 m1 (Three a b c) d (Three e f g) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
addDigits1 m1 (Three a b c) d (Four e f g h) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
addDigits1 m1 (Four a b c d) e (One f) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
addDigits1 m1 (Four a b c d) e (Two f g) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
addDigits1 m1 (Four a b c d) e (Three f g h) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
addDigits1 m1 (Four a b c d) e (Four f g h i) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) m2

appendTree2 :: FingerTree (Node a) -> Node a -> Node a -> FingerTree (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node a)
appendTree2 Empty a b xs =
	a `consTree` b `consTree` xs
appendTree2 xs a b Empty =
	xs `snocTree` a `snocTree` b
appendTree2 (Single x) a b xs =
	x `consTree` a `consTree` b `consTree` xs
appendTree2 xs a b (Single x) =
	xs `snocTree` a `snocTree` b `snocTree` x
appendTree2 (Deep s1 pr1 m1 sf1) a b (Deep s2 pr2 m2 sf2) =
	Deep (s1 + size a + size b + s2) pr1 (addDigits2 m1 sf1 a b pr2 m2) sf2

addDigits2 :: FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> Digit (Node a) -> Node a -> Node a -> Digit (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a))
addDigits2 m1 (One a) b c (One d) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node2 a b) (node2 c d) m2
addDigits2 m1 (One a) b c (Two d e) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) m2
addDigits2 m1 (One a) b c (Three d e f) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
addDigits2 m1 (One a) b c (Four d e f g) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
addDigits2 m1 (Two a b) c d (One e) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) m2
addDigits2 m1 (Two a b) c d (Two e f) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
addDigits2 m1 (Two a b) c d (Three e f g) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
addDigits2 m1 (Two a b) c d (Four e f g h) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
addDigits2 m1 (Three a b c) d e (One f) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
addDigits2 m1 (Three a b c) d e (Two f g) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
addDigits2 m1 (Three a b c) d e (Three f g h) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
addDigits2 m1 (Three a b c) d e (Four f g h i) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) m2
addDigits2 m1 (Four a b c d) e f (One g) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
addDigits2 m1 (Four a b c d) e f (Two g h) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
addDigits2 m1 (Four a b c d) e f (Three g h i) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) m2
addDigits2 m1 (Four a b c d) e f (Four g h i j) m2 =
	appendTree4 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) (node2 i j) m2

appendTree3 :: FingerTree (Node a) -> Node a -> Node a -> Node a -> FingerTree (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node a)
appendTree3 Empty a b c xs =
	a `consTree` b `consTree` c `consTree` xs
appendTree3 xs a b c Empty =
	xs `snocTree` a `snocTree` b `snocTree` c
appendTree3 (Single x) a b c xs =
	x `consTree` a `consTree` b `consTree` c `consTree` xs
appendTree3 xs a b c (Single x) =
	xs `snocTree` a `snocTree` b `snocTree` c `snocTree` x
appendTree3 (Deep s1 pr1 m1 sf1) a b c (Deep s2 pr2 m2 sf2) =
	Deep (s1 + size a + size b + size c + s2) pr1 (addDigits3 m1 sf1 a b c pr2 m2) sf2

addDigits3 :: FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> Digit (Node a) -> Node a -> Node a -> Node a -> Digit (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a))
addDigits3 m1 (One a) b c d (One e) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) m2
addDigits3 m1 (One a) b c d (Two e f) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
addDigits3 m1 (One a) b c d (Three e f g) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
addDigits3 m1 (One a) b c d (Four e f g h) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
addDigits3 m1 (Two a b) c d e (One f) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
addDigits3 m1 (Two a b) c d e (Two f g) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
addDigits3 m1 (Two a b) c d e (Three f g h) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
addDigits3 m1 (Two a b) c d e (Four f g h i) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) m2
addDigits3 m1 (Three a b c) d e f (One g) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
addDigits3 m1 (Three a b c) d e f (Two g h) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
addDigits3 m1 (Three a b c) d e f (Three g h i) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) m2
addDigits3 m1 (Three a b c) d e f (Four g h i j) m2 =
	appendTree4 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) (node2 i j) m2
addDigits3 m1 (Four a b c d) e f g (One h) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
addDigits3 m1 (Four a b c d) e f g (Two h i) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) m2
addDigits3 m1 (Four a b c d) e f g (Three h i j) m2 =
	appendTree4 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) (node2 i j) m2
addDigits3 m1 (Four a b c d) e f g (Four h i j k) m2 =
	appendTree4 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) (node2 j k) m2

appendTree4 :: FingerTree (Node a) -> Node a -> Node a -> Node a -> Node a -> FingerTree (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node a)
appendTree4 Empty a b c d xs =
	a `consTree` b `consTree` c `consTree` d `consTree` xs
appendTree4 xs a b c d Empty =
	xs `snocTree` a `snocTree` b `snocTree` c `snocTree` d
appendTree4 (Single x) a b c d xs =
	x `consTree` a `consTree` b `consTree` c `consTree` d `consTree` xs
appendTree4 xs a b c d (Single x) =
	xs `snocTree` a `snocTree` b `snocTree` c `snocTree` d `snocTree` x
appendTree4 (Deep s1 pr1 m1 sf1) a b c d (Deep s2 pr2 m2 sf2) =
	Deep (s1 + size a + size b + size c + size d + s2) pr1 (addDigits4 m1 sf1 a b c d pr2 m2) sf2

addDigits4 :: FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> Digit (Node a) -> Node a -> Node a -> Node a -> Node a -> Digit (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a))
addDigits4 m1 (One a) b c d e (One f) m2 =
	appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
addDigits4 m1 (One a) b c d e (Two f g) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
addDigits4 m1 (One a) b c d e (Three f g h) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
addDigits4 m1 (One a) b c d e (Four f g h i) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) m2
addDigits4 m1 (Two a b) c d e f (One g) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
addDigits4 m1 (Two a b) c d e f (Two g h) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
addDigits4 m1 (Two a b) c d e f (Three g h i) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) m2
addDigits4 m1 (Two a b) c d e f (Four g h i j) m2 =
	appendTree4 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) (node2 i j) m2
addDigits4 m1 (Three a b c) d e f g (One h) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
addDigits4 m1 (Three a b c) d e f g (Two h i) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) m2
addDigits4 m1 (Three a b c) d e f g (Three h i j) m2 =
	appendTree4 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) (node2 i j) m2
addDigits4 m1 (Three a b c) d e f g (Four h i j k) m2 =
	appendTree4 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) (node2 j k) m2
addDigits4 m1 (Four a b c d) e f g h (One i) m2 =
	appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) m2
addDigits4 m1 (Four a b c d) e f g h (Two i j) m2 =
	appendTree4 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) (node2 i j) m2
addDigits4 m1 (Four a b c d) e f g h (Three i j k) m2 =
	appendTree4 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) (node2 j k) m2
addDigits4 m1 (Four a b c d) e f g h (Four i j k l) m2 =
	appendTree4 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) (node3 j k l) m2

-- | Builds a sequence from a seed value.  Takes time linear in the
-- number of generated elements.  /WARNING:/ If the number of generated
-- elements is infinite, this method will not terminate.
unfoldr :: (b -> Maybe (a, b)) -> b -> Seq a
unfoldr f = unfoldr' empty
  -- uses tail recursion rather than, for instance, the List implementation.
  where unfoldr' as b = maybe as (\ (a, b') -> unfoldr' (as |> a) b') (f b)

-- | @'unfoldl' f x@ is equivalent to @'reverse' ('unfoldr' (swap . f) x)@.
unfoldl :: (b -> Maybe (b, a)) -> b -> Seq a
unfoldl f = unfoldl' empty
  where unfoldl' as b = maybe as (\ (b', a) -> unfoldl' (a <| as) b') (f b)

-- | /O(n)/.  Constructs a sequence by repeated application of a function
-- to a seed value.
--
-- > iterateN n f x = fromList (Prelude.take n (Prelude.iterate f x))
iterateN :: Int -> (a -> a) -> a -> Seq a
iterateN n f x
  | n >= 0	= replicateA n (State (\ y -> (f y, y))) `execState` x
  | otherwise	= error "iterateN takes a nonnegative integer argument"

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Deconstruction
------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- | /O(1)/. Is this the empty sequence?
null		:: Seq a -> Bool
null (Seq Empty) = True
null _		=  False

-- | /O(1)/. The number of elements in the sequence.
length		:: Seq a -> Int
length (Seq xs) =  size xs

-- Views

data Maybe2 a b = Nothing2 | Just2 a b

-- | View of the left end of a sequence.
data ViewL a
	= EmptyL	-- ^ empty sequence
	| a :< Seq a	-- ^ leftmost element and the rest of the sequence
#ifndef __HADDOCK__
# if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
	deriving (Eq, Ord, Show, Read, Data)
# else
	deriving (Eq, Ord, Show, Read)
# endif
#else
instance Eq a => Eq (ViewL a)
instance Ord a => Ord (ViewL a)
instance Show a => Show (ViewL a)
instance Read a => Read (ViewL a)
instance Data a => Data (ViewL a)
#endif

INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1(ViewL,viewLTc,"ViewL")

instance Functor ViewL where
	fmap = fmapDefault

instance Foldable ViewL where
	foldr _ z EmptyL = z
	foldr f z (x :< xs) = f x (foldr f z xs)

	foldl _ z EmptyL = z
	foldl f z (x :< xs) = foldl f (f z x) xs

	foldl1 _ EmptyL = error "foldl1: empty view"
	foldl1 f (x :< xs) = foldl f x xs

instance Traversable ViewL where
	traverse _ EmptyL	= pure EmptyL
	traverse f (x :< xs)	= (:<) <$> f x <*> traverse f xs

-- | /O(1)/. Analyse the left end of a sequence.
viewl		::  Seq a -> ViewL a
viewl (Seq xs)	=  case viewLTree xs of
	Nothing2 -> EmptyL
	Just2 (Elem x) xs' -> x :< Seq xs'

{-# SPECIALIZE viewLTree :: FingerTree (Elem a) -> Maybe2 (Elem a) (FingerTree (Elem a)) #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE viewLTree :: FingerTree (Node a) -> Maybe2 (Node a) (FingerTree (Node a)) #-}
viewLTree	:: Sized a => FingerTree a -> Maybe2 a (FingerTree a)
viewLTree Empty			= Nothing2
viewLTree (Single a)		= Just2 a Empty
viewLTree (Deep s (One a) m sf) = Just2 a (pullL (s - size a) m sf)
viewLTree (Deep s (Two a b) m sf) =
	Just2 a (Deep (s - size a) (One b) m sf)
viewLTree (Deep s (Three a b c) m sf) =
	Just2 a (Deep (s - size a) (Two b c) m sf)
viewLTree (Deep s (Four a b c d) m sf) =
	Just2 a (Deep (s - size a) (Three b c d) m sf)

-- | View of the right end of a sequence.
data ViewR a
	= EmptyR	-- ^ empty sequence
	| Seq a :> a	-- ^ the sequence minus the rightmost element,
			-- and the rightmost element
#ifndef __HADDOCK__
# if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
	deriving (Eq, Ord, Show, Read, Data)
# else
	deriving (Eq, Ord, Show, Read)
# endif
#else
instance Eq a => Eq (ViewR a)
instance Ord a => Ord (ViewR a)
instance Show a => Show (ViewR a)
instance Read a => Read (ViewR a)
instance Data a => Data (ViewR a)
#endif

INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1(ViewR,viewRTc,"ViewR")

instance Functor ViewR where
	fmap = fmapDefault

instance Foldable ViewR where
	foldr _ z EmptyR = z
	foldr f z (xs :> x) = foldr f (f x z) xs

	foldl _ z EmptyR = z
	foldl f z (xs :> x) = foldl f z xs `f` x

	foldr1 _ EmptyR = error "foldr1: empty view"
	foldr1 f (xs :> x) = foldr f x xs

instance Traversable ViewR where
	traverse _ EmptyR	= pure EmptyR
	traverse f (xs :> x)	= (:>) <$> traverse f xs <*> f x

-- | /O(1)/. Analyse the right end of a sequence.
viewr		::  Seq a -> ViewR a
viewr (Seq xs)	=  case viewRTree xs of
	Nothing2 -> EmptyR
	Just2 xs' (Elem x) -> Seq xs' :> x

{-# SPECIALIZE viewRTree :: FingerTree (Elem a) -> Maybe2 (FingerTree (Elem a)) (Elem a) #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE viewRTree :: FingerTree (Node a) -> Maybe2 (FingerTree (Node a)) (Node a) #-}
viewRTree	:: Sized a => FingerTree a -> Maybe2 (FingerTree a) a
viewRTree Empty			= Nothing2
viewRTree (Single z)		= Just2 Empty z
viewRTree (Deep s pr m (One z)) = Just2 (pullR (s - size z) pr m) z
viewRTree (Deep s pr m (Two y z)) =
	Just2 (Deep (s - size z) pr m (One y)) z
viewRTree (Deep s pr m (Three x y z)) =
	Just2 (Deep (s - size z) pr m (Two x y)) z
viewRTree (Deep s pr m (Four w x y z)) =
	Just2 (Deep (s - size z) pr m (Three w x y)) z

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Scans
--
-- These are not particularly complex applications of the Traversable
-- functor, though making the correspondence with Data.List exact
-- requires the use of (<|) and (|>).
--
-- Note that save for the single (<|) or (|>), we maintain the original
-- structure of the Seq, not having to do any restructuring of our own.
--
-- wasserman.louis@gmail.com, 5/23/09
------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- | 'scanl' is similar to 'foldl', but returns a sequence of reduced
-- values from the left:
--
-- > scanl f z (fromList [x1, x2, ...]) = fromList [z, z `f` x1, (z `f` x1) `f` x2, ...]
scanl :: (a -> b -> a) -> a -> Seq b -> Seq a
scanl f z0 xs = z0 <| snd (mapAccumL (\ x z -> let x' = f x z in (x', x')) z0 xs)

-- | 'scanl1' is a variant of 'scanl' that has no starting value argument:
--
-- > scanl1 f (fromList [x1, x2, ...]) = fromList [x1, x1 `f` x2, ...]
scanl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Seq a -> Seq a
scanl1 f xs = case viewl xs of
	EmptyL		-> error "scanl1 takes a nonempty sequence as an argument"
	x :< xs'	-> scanl f x xs'

-- | 'scanr' is the right-to-left dual of 'scanl'.
scanr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Seq a -> Seq b
scanr f z0 xs = snd (mapAccumR (\ z x -> let z' = f x z in (z', z')) z0 xs) |> z0

-- | 'scanr1' is a variant of 'scanr' that has no starting value argument.
scanr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Seq a -> Seq a
scanr1 f xs = case viewr xs of
	EmptyR		-> error "scanr1 takes a nonempty sequence as an argument"
	xs' :> x	-> scanr f x xs'

-- Indexing

-- | /O(log(min(i,n-i)))/. The element at the specified position,
-- counting from 0.  The argument should thus be a non-negative
-- integer less than the size of the sequence.
-- If the position is out of range, 'index' fails with an error.
index		:: Seq a -> Int -> a
index (Seq xs) i
  | 0 <= i && i < size xs = case lookupTree i xs of
				Place _ (Elem x) -> x
  | otherwise	= error "index out of bounds"

data Place a = Place {-# UNPACK #-} !Int a
#if TESTING
	deriving Show
#endif

{-# SPECIALIZE lookupTree :: Int -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> Place (Elem a) #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE lookupTree :: Int -> FingerTree (Node a) -> Place (Node a) #-}
lookupTree :: Sized a => Int -> FingerTree a -> Place a
lookupTree _ Empty = error "lookupTree of empty tree"
lookupTree i (Single x) = Place i x
lookupTree i (Deep _ pr m sf)
  | i < spr	=  lookupDigit i pr
  | i < spm	=  case lookupTree (i - spr) m of
			Place i' xs -> lookupNode i' xs
  | otherwise	=  lookupDigit (i - spm) sf
  where	spr	= size pr
	spm	= spr + size m

{-# SPECIALIZE lookupNode :: Int -> Node (Elem a) -> Place (Elem a) #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE lookupNode :: Int -> Node (Node a) -> Place (Node a) #-}
lookupNode :: Sized a => Int -> Node a -> Place a
lookupNode i (Node2 _ a b)
  | i < sa	= Place i a
  | otherwise	= Place (i - sa) b
  where	sa	= size a
lookupNode i (Node3 _ a b c)
  | i < sa	= Place i a
  | i < sab	= Place (i - sa) b
  | otherwise	= Place (i - sab) c
  where	sa	= size a
	sab	= sa + size b

{-# SPECIALIZE lookupDigit :: Int -> Digit (Elem a) -> Place (Elem a) #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE lookupDigit :: Int -> Digit (Node a) -> Place (Node a) #-}
lookupDigit :: Sized a => Int -> Digit a -> Place a
lookupDigit i (One a) = Place i a
lookupDigit i (Two a b)
  | i < sa	= Place i a
  | otherwise	= Place (i - sa) b
  where	sa	= size a
lookupDigit i (Three a b c)
  | i < sa	= Place i a
  | i < sab	= Place (i - sa) b
  | otherwise	= Place (i - sab) c
  where	sa	= size a
	sab	= sa + size b
lookupDigit i (Four a b c d)
  | i < sa	= Place i a
  | i < sab	= Place (i - sa) b
  | i < sabc	= Place (i - sab) c
  | otherwise	= Place (i - sabc) d
  where	sa	= size a
	sab	= sa + size b
	sabc	= sab + size c

-- | /O(log(min(i,n-i)))/. Replace the element at the specified position.
-- If the position is out of range, the original sequence is returned.
update		:: Int -> a -> Seq a -> Seq a
update i x	= adjust (const x) i

-- | /O(log(min(i,n-i)))/. Update the element at the specified position.
-- If the position is out of range, the original sequence is returned.
adjust		:: (a -> a) -> Int -> Seq a -> Seq a
adjust f i (Seq xs)
  | 0 <= i && i < size xs = Seq (adjustTree (const (fmap f)) i xs)
  | otherwise	= Seq xs

{-# SPECIALIZE adjustTree :: (Int -> Elem a -> Elem a) -> Int -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem a) #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE adjustTree :: (Int -> Node a -> Node a) -> Int -> FingerTree (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node a) #-}
adjustTree	:: Sized a => (Int -> a -> a) ->
			Int -> FingerTree a -> FingerTree a
adjustTree _ _ Empty = error "adjustTree of empty tree"
adjustTree f i (Single x) = Single (f i x)
adjustTree f i (Deep s pr m sf)
  | i < spr	= Deep s (adjustDigit f i pr) m sf
  | i < spm	= Deep s pr (adjustTree (adjustNode f) (i - spr) m) sf
  | otherwise	= Deep s pr m (adjustDigit f (i - spm) sf)
  where	spr	= size pr
	spm	= spr + size m

{-# SPECIALIZE adjustNode :: (Int -> Elem a -> Elem a) -> Int -> Node (Elem a) -> Node (Elem a) #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE adjustNode :: (Int -> Node a -> Node a) -> Int -> Node (Node a) -> Node (Node a) #-}
adjustNode	:: Sized a => (Int -> a -> a) -> Int -> Node a -> Node a
adjustNode f i (Node2 s a b)
  | i < sa	= Node2 s (f i a) b
  | otherwise	= Node2 s a (f (i - sa) b)
  where	sa	= size a
adjustNode f i (Node3 s a b c)
  | i < sa	= Node3 s (f i a) b c
  | i < sab	= Node3 s a (f (i - sa) b) c
  | otherwise	= Node3 s a b (f (i - sab) c)
  where	sa	= size a
	sab	= sa + size b

{-# SPECIALIZE adjustDigit :: (Int -> Elem a -> Elem a) -> Int -> Digit (Elem a) -> Digit (Elem a) #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE adjustDigit :: (Int -> Node a -> Node a) -> Int -> Digit (Node a) -> Digit (Node a) #-}
adjustDigit	:: Sized a => (Int -> a -> a) -> Int -> Digit a -> Digit a
adjustDigit f i (One a) = One (f i a)
adjustDigit f i (Two a b)
  | i < sa	= Two (f i a) b
  | otherwise	= Two a (f (i - sa) b)
  where	sa	= size a
adjustDigit f i (Three a b c)
  | i < sa	= Three (f i a) b c
  | i < sab	= Three a (f (i - sa) b) c
  | otherwise	= Three a b (f (i - sab) c)
  where	sa	= size a
	sab	= sa + size b
adjustDigit f i (Four a b c d)
  | i < sa	= Four (f i a) b c d
  | i < sab	= Four a (f (i - sa) b) c d
  | i < sabc	= Four a b (f (i - sab) c) d
  | otherwise	= Four a b c (f (i- sabc) d)
  where	sa	= size a
	sab	= sa + size b
	sabc	= sab + size c

-- | A generalization of 'fmap', 'mapWithIndex' takes a mapping function
-- that also depends on the element's index, and applies it to every
-- element in the sequence.
mapWithIndex :: (Int -> a -> b) -> Seq a -> Seq b
mapWithIndex f xs = snd (mapAccumL' (\ i x -> (i + 1, f i x)) 0 xs)

-- Splitting

-- | /O(log(min(i,n-i)))/. The first @i@ elements of a sequence.
-- If @i@ is negative, @'take' i s@ yields the empty sequence.
-- If the sequence contains fewer than @i@ elements, the whole sequence
-- is returned.
take		:: Int -> Seq a -> Seq a
take i		=  fst . splitAt i

-- | /O(log(min(i,n-i)))/. Elements of a sequence after the first @i@.
-- If @i@ is negative, @'drop' i s@ yields the whole sequence.
-- If the sequence contains fewer than @i@ elements, the empty sequence
-- is returned.
drop		:: Int -> Seq a -> Seq a
drop i		=  snd . splitAt i

-- | /O(log(min(i,n-i)))/. Split a sequence at a given position.
-- @'splitAt' i s = ('take' i s, 'drop' i s)@.
splitAt			:: Int -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
splitAt i (Seq xs)	=  (Seq l, Seq r)
  where	(l, r)		=  split i xs

split :: Int -> FingerTree (Elem a) ->
	(FingerTree (Elem a), FingerTree (Elem a))
split i Empty	= i `seq` (Empty, Empty)
split i xs
  | size xs > i	= (l, consTree x r)
  | otherwise	= (xs, Empty)
  where Split l x r = splitTree i xs

data Split t a = Split t a t
#if TESTING
	deriving Show
#endif

{-# SPECIALIZE splitTree :: Int -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> Split (FingerTree (Elem a)) (Elem a) #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE splitTree :: Int -> FingerTree (Node a) -> Split (FingerTree (Node a)) (Node a) #-}
splitTree :: Sized a => Int -> FingerTree a -> Split (FingerTree a) a
splitTree _ Empty = error "splitTree of empty tree"
splitTree i (Single x) = i `seq` Split Empty x Empty
splitTree i (Deep _ pr m sf)
  | i < spr	= case splitDigit i pr of
			Split l x r -> Split (maybe Empty digitToTree l) x (deepL r m sf)
  | i < spm	= case splitTree im m of
			Split ml xs mr -> case splitNode (im - size ml) xs of
			    Split l x r -> Split (deepR pr ml l) x (deepL r mr sf)
  | otherwise	= case splitDigit (i - spm) sf of
			Split l x r -> Split (deepR pr m l) x (maybe Empty digitToTree r)
  where	spr	= size pr
	spm	= spr + size m
	im	= i - spr

{-# SPECIALIZE splitNode :: Int -> Node (Elem a) -> Split (Maybe (Digit (Elem a))) (Elem a) #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE splitNode :: Int -> Node (Node a) -> Split (Maybe (Digit (Node a))) (Node a) #-}
splitNode :: Sized a => Int -> Node a -> Split (Maybe (Digit a)) a
splitNode i (Node2 _ a b)
  | i < sa	= Split Nothing a (Just (One b))
  | otherwise	= Split (Just (One a)) b Nothing
  where	sa	= size a
splitNode i (Node3 _ a b c)
  | i < sa	= Split Nothing a (Just (Two b c))
  | i < sab	= Split (Just (One a)) b (Just (One c))
  | otherwise	= Split (Just (Two a b)) c Nothing
  where	sa	= size a
	sab	= sa + size b

{-# SPECIALIZE splitDigit :: Int -> Digit (Elem a) -> Split (Maybe (Digit (Elem a))) (Elem a) #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE splitDigit :: Int -> Digit (Node a) -> Split (Maybe (Digit (Node a))) (Node a) #-}
splitDigit :: Sized a => Int -> Digit a -> Split (Maybe (Digit a)) a
splitDigit i (One a) = i `seq` Split Nothing a Nothing
splitDigit i (Two a b)
  | i < sa	= Split Nothing a (Just (One b))
  | otherwise	= Split (Just (One a)) b Nothing
  where	sa	= size a
splitDigit i (Three a b c)
  | i < sa	= Split Nothing a (Just (Two b c))
  | i < sab	= Split (Just (One a)) b (Just (One c))
  | otherwise	= Split (Just (Two a b)) c Nothing
  where	sa	= size a
	sab	= sa + size b
splitDigit i (Four a b c d)
  | i < sa	= Split Nothing a (Just (Three b c d))
  | i < sab	= Split (Just (One a)) b (Just (Two c d))
  | i < sabc	= Split (Just (Two a b)) c (Just (One d))
  | otherwise	= Split (Just (Three a b c)) d Nothing
  where	sa	= size a
	sab	= sa + size b
	sabc	= sab + size c

-- | /O(n)/.  Returns a sequence of all suffixes of this sequence,
-- longest first.  For example,
--
-- > tails (fromList "abc") = fromList [fromList "abc", fromList "bc", fromList "c", fromList ""]
--
-- Evaluating the /i/th suffix takes /O(log(min(i, n-i)))/, but evaluating
-- every suffix in the sequence takes /O(n)/ due to sharing.
tails			:: Seq a -> Seq (Seq a)
tails (Seq xs)		= Seq (tailsTree (Elem . Seq) xs) |> empty

-- | /O(n)/.  Returns a sequence of all prefixes of this sequence,
-- shortest first.  For example,
--
-- > inits (fromList "abc") = fromList [fromList "", fromList "a", fromList "ab", fromList "abc"]
--
-- Evaluating the /i/th prefix takes /O(log(min(i, n-i)))/, but evaluating
-- every prefix in the sequence takes /O(n)/ due to sharing.
inits			:: Seq a -> Seq (Seq a)
inits (Seq xs) 		= empty <| Seq (initsTree (Elem . Seq) xs)

-- This implementation of tails (and, analogously, inits) has the
-- following algorithmic advantages:
--	Evaluating each tail in the sequence takes linear total time,
--	which is better than we could say for
-- 		@fromList [drop n xs | n <- [0..length xs]]@.
--	Evaluating any individual tail takes logarithmic time, which is
--	better than we can say for either
-- 		@scanr (<|) empty xs@ or @iterateN (length xs + 1) (\ xs -> let _ :< xs' = viewl xs in xs') xs@.
--
-- Moreover, if we actually look at every tail in the sequence, the
-- following benchmarks demonstrate that this implementation is modestly
-- faster than any of the above:
--
-- Times (ms)
--               min      mean    +/-sd    median    max
-- Seq.tails:   21.986   24.961   10.169   22.417   86.485
-- scanr:       85.392   87.942    2.488   87.425  100.217
-- iterateN:       29.952   31.245    1.574   30.412   37.268
--
-- The algorithm for tails (and, analogously, inits) is as follows:
--
-- A Node in the FingerTree of tails is constructed by evaluating the
-- corresponding tail of the FingerTree of Nodes, considering the first
-- Node in this tail, and constructing a Node in which each tail of this
-- Node is made to be the prefix of the remaining tree.  This ends up
-- working quite elegantly, as the remainder of the tail of the FingerTree
-- of Nodes becomes the middle of a new tail, the suffix of the Node is
-- the prefix, and the suffix of the original tree is retained.
--
-- In particular, evaluating the /i/th tail involves making as
-- many partial evaluations as the Node depth of the /i/th element.
-- In addition, when we evaluate the /i/th tail, and we also evaluate
-- the /j/th tail, and /m/ Nodes are on the path to both /i/ and /j/,
-- each of those /m/ evaluations are shared between the computation of
-- the /i/th and /j/th tails.
--
-- wasserman.louis@gmail.com, 7/16/09

tailsDigit :: Digit a -> Digit (Digit a)
tailsDigit (One a) = One (One a)
tailsDigit (Two a b) = Two (Two a b) (One b)
tailsDigit (Three a b c) = Three (Three a b c) (Two b c) (One c)
tailsDigit (Four a b c d) = Four (Four a b c d) (Three b c d) (Two c d) (One d)

initsDigit :: Digit a -> Digit (Digit a)
initsDigit (One a) = One (One a)
initsDigit (Two a b) = Two (One a) (Two a b)
initsDigit (Three a b c) = Three (One a) (Two a b) (Three a b c)
initsDigit (Four a b c d) = Four (One a) (Two a b) (Three a b c) (Four a b c d)

tailsNode :: Node a -> Node (Digit a)
tailsNode (Node2 s a b) = Node2 s (Two a b) (One b)
tailsNode (Node3 s a b c) = Node3 s (Three a b c) (Two b c) (One c)

initsNode :: Node a -> Node (Digit a)
initsNode (Node2 s a b) = Node2 s (One a) (Two a b)
initsNode (Node3 s a b c) = Node3 s (One a) (Two a b) (Three a b c)

{-# SPECIALIZE tailsTree :: (FingerTree (Elem a) -> Elem b) -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem b) #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE tailsTree :: (FingerTree (Node a) -> Node b) -> FingerTree (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node b) #-}
-- | Given a function to apply to tails of a tree, applies that function
-- to every tail of the specified tree.
tailsTree :: (Sized a, Sized b) => (FingerTree a -> b) -> FingerTree a -> FingerTree b
tailsTree _ Empty = Empty
tailsTree f (Single x) = Single (f (Single x))
tailsTree f (Deep n pr m sf) =
	Deep n (fmap (\ pr' -> f (deep pr' m sf)) (tailsDigit pr))
		(tailsTree f' m)
		(fmap (f . digitToTree) (tailsDigit sf))
  where	f' ms = let Just2 node m' = viewLTree ms in
		fmap (\ pr' -> f (deep pr' m' sf)) (tailsNode node)

{-# SPECIALIZE initsTree :: (FingerTree (Elem a) -> Elem b) -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem b) #-}
{-# SPECIALIZE initsTree :: (FingerTree (Node a) -> Node b) -> FingerTree (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node b) #-}
-- | Given a function to apply to inits of a tree, applies that function
-- to every init of the specified tree.
initsTree :: (Sized a, Sized b) => (FingerTree a -> b) -> FingerTree a -> FingerTree b
initsTree _ Empty = Empty
initsTree f (Single x) = Single (f (Single x))
initsTree f (Deep n pr m sf) =
	Deep n (fmap (f . digitToTree) (initsDigit pr))
		(initsTree f' m)
		(fmap (f . deep pr m) (initsDigit sf))
  where	f' ms =  let Just2 m' node = viewRTree ms in
		 fmap (\ sf' -> f (deep pr m' sf')) (initsNode node)

{-# INLINE foldlWithIndex #-}
-- | 'foldlWithIndex' is a version of 'foldl' that also provides access
-- to the index of each element.
foldlWithIndex :: (b -> Int -> a -> b) -> b -> Seq a -> b
foldlWithIndex f z xs = foldl (\ g x i -> i `seq` f (g (i - 1)) i x) (const z) xs (length xs - 1)

{-# INLINE foldrWithIndex #-}
-- | 'foldrWithIndex' is a version of 'foldr' that also provides access
-- to the index of each element.
foldrWithIndex :: (Int -> a -> b -> b) -> b -> Seq a -> b
foldrWithIndex f z xs = foldr (\ x g i -> i `seq` f i x (g (i+1))) (const z) xs 0

{-# INLINE listToMaybe' #-}
-- 'listToMaybe\'' is a good consumer version of 'listToMaybe'.
listToMaybe' :: [a] -> Maybe a
listToMaybe' = foldr (\ x _ -> Just x) Nothing

-- | /O(i)/ where /i/ is the prefix length.  'takeWhileL', applied
-- to a predicate @p@ and a sequence @xs@, returns the longest prefix
-- (possibly empty) of @xs@ of elements that satisfy @p@.
takeWhileL :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
takeWhileL p = fst . spanl p

-- | /O(i)/ where /i/ is the suffix length.  'takeWhileR', applied
-- to a predicate @p@ and a sequence @xs@, returns the longest suffix
-- (possibly empty) of @xs@ of elements that satisfy @p@.
--
-- @'takeWhileR' p xs@ is equivalent to @'reverse' ('takeWhileL' p ('reverse' xs))@.
takeWhileR :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
takeWhileR p = fst . spanr p

-- | /O(i)/ where /i/ is the prefix length.  @'dropWhileL' p xs@ returns
-- the suffix remaining after @'takeWhileL' p xs@.
dropWhileL :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
dropWhileL p = snd . spanl p

-- | /O(i)/ where /i/ is the suffix length.  @'dropWhileR' p xs@ returns
-- the prefix remaining after @'takeWhileR' p xs@.
--
-- @'dropWhileR' p xs@ is equivalent to @'reverse' ('dropWhileL' p ('reverse' xs))@.
dropWhileR :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
dropWhileR p = snd . spanr p

-- | /O(i)/ where /i/ is the prefix length.  'spanl', applied to
-- a predicate @p@ and a sequence @xs@, returns a pair whose first
-- element is the longest prefix (possibly empty) of @xs@ of elements that
-- satisfy @p@ and the second element is the remainder of the sequence.
spanl :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
spanl p = breakl (not . p)

-- | /O(i)/ where /i/ is the suffix length.  'spanr', applied to a
-- predicate @p@ and a sequence @xs@, returns a pair whose /first/ element
-- is the longest /suffix/ (possibly empty) of @xs@ of elements that
-- satisfy @p@ and the second element is the remainder of the sequence.
spanr :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
spanr p = breakr (not . p)

{-# INLINE breakl #-}
-- | /O(i)/ where /i/ is the breakpoint index.  'breakl', applied to a
-- predicate @p@ and a sequence @xs@, returns a pair whose first element
-- is the longest prefix (possibly empty) of @xs@ of elements that
-- /do not satisfy/ @p@ and the second element is the remainder of
-- the sequence.
--
-- @'breakl' p@ is equivalent to @'spanl' (not . p)@.
breakl :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
breakl p xs = foldr (\ i _ -> splitAt i xs) (xs, empty) (findIndicesL p xs)

{-# INLINE breakr #-}
-- | @'breakr' p@ is equivalent to @'spanr' (not . p)@.
breakr :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
breakr p xs = foldr (\ i _ -> flipPair (splitAt (i + 1) xs)) (xs, empty) (findIndicesR p xs)
  where flipPair (x, y) = (y, x)

-- | /O(n)/.  The 'partition' function takes a predicate @p@ and a
-- sequence @xs@ and returns sequences of those elements which do and
-- do not satisfy the predicate.
partition :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
partition p = foldl part (empty, empty)
  where part (xs, ys) x
	  | p x		= (xs |> x, ys)
	  | otherwise 	= (xs, ys |> x)

-- | /O(n)/.  The 'filter' function takes a predicate @p@ and a sequence
-- @xs@ and returns a sequence of those elements which satisfy the
-- predicate.
filter :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
filter p = foldl (\ xs x -> if p x then xs |> x else xs) empty

-- Indexing sequences

-- | 'elemIndexL' finds the leftmost index of the specified element,
-- if it is present, and otherwise 'Nothing'.
elemIndexL :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> Maybe Int
elemIndexL x = findIndexL (x ==)

-- | 'elemIndexR' finds the rightmost index of the specified element,
-- if it is present, and otherwise 'Nothing'.
elemIndexR :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> Maybe Int
elemIndexR x = findIndexR (x ==)

-- | 'elemIndicesL' finds the indices of the specified element, from
-- left to right (i.e. in ascending order).
elemIndicesL :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> [Int]
elemIndicesL x = findIndicesL (x ==)

-- | 'elemIndicesR' finds the indices of the specified element, from
-- right to left (i.e. in descending order).
elemIndicesR :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> [Int]
elemIndicesR x = findIndicesR (x ==)

-- | @'findIndexL' p xs@ finds the index of the leftmost element that
-- satisfies @p@, if any exist.
findIndexL :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Maybe Int
findIndexL p = listToMaybe' . findIndicesL p

-- | @'findIndexR' p xs@ finds the index of the rightmost element that
-- satisfies @p@, if any exist.
findIndexR :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Maybe Int
findIndexR p = listToMaybe' . findIndicesR p

{-# INLINE findIndicesL #-}
-- | @'findIndicesL' p@ finds all indices of elements that satisfy @p@,
-- in ascending order.
findIndicesL :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> [Int]
#if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
findIndicesL p xs = build (\ c n -> let g i x z = if p x then c i z else z in
				foldrWithIndex g n xs)
#else
findIndicesL p xs = foldrWithIndex g [] xs
    where g i x is = if p x then i:is else is
#endif

{-# INLINE findIndicesR #-}
-- | @'findIndicesR' p@ finds all indices of elements that satisfy @p@,
-- in descending order.
findIndicesR :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> [Int]
#if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
findIndicesR p xs = build (\ c n -> let g z i x = if p x then c i z else z in
				foldlWithIndex g n xs)
#else
findIndicesR p xs = foldlWithIndex g [] xs
    where g is i x = if p x then i:is else is
#endif

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Lists
------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- | /O(n)/. Create a sequence from a finite list of elements.
-- There is a function 'toList' in the opposite direction for all
-- instances of the 'Foldable' class, including 'Seq'.
fromList  	:: [a] -> Seq a
fromList  	=  Data.List.foldl' (|>) empty

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Reverse
------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- | /O(n)/. The reverse of a sequence.
reverse :: Seq a -> Seq a
reverse (Seq xs) = Seq (reverseTree id xs)

reverseTree :: (a -> a) -> FingerTree a -> FingerTree a
reverseTree _ Empty = Empty
reverseTree f (Single x) = Single (f x)
reverseTree f (Deep s pr m sf) =
	Deep s (reverseDigit f sf)
		(reverseTree (reverseNode f) m)
		(reverseDigit f pr)

{-# INLINE reverseDigit #-}
reverseDigit :: (a -> a) -> Digit a -> Digit a
reverseDigit f (One a) = One (f a)
reverseDigit f (Two a b) = Two (f b) (f a)
reverseDigit f (Three a b c) = Three (f c) (f b) (f a)
reverseDigit f (Four a b c d) = Four (f d) (f c) (f b) (f a)

reverseNode :: (a -> a) -> Node a -> Node a
reverseNode f (Node2 s a b) = Node2 s (f b) (f a)
reverseNode f (Node3 s a b c) = Node3 s (f c) (f b) (f a)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Zipping
------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- | /O(min(n1,n2))/.  'zip' takes two sequences and returns a sequence
-- of corresponding pairs.  If one input is short, excess elements are
-- discarded from the right end of the longer sequence.
zip :: Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq (a, b)
zip = zipWith (,)

-- | /O(min(n1,n2))/.  'zipWith' generalizes 'zip' by zipping with the
-- function given as the first argument, instead of a tupling function.
-- For example, @zipWith (+)@ is applied to two sequences to take the
-- sequence of corresponding sums.
zipWith :: (a -> b -> c) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c
zipWith f xs ys
  | length xs <= length ys	= zipWith' f xs ys
  | otherwise			= zipWith' (flip f) ys xs

-- like 'zipWith', but assumes length xs <= length ys
zipWith' :: (a -> b -> c) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c
zipWith' f xs ys = snd (mapAccumL ((\ (z :< zs) x -> (zs, f x z)) . viewl) ys xs)

-- | /O(min(n1,n2,n3))/.  'zip3' takes three sequences and returns a
-- sequence of triples, analogous to 'zip'.
zip3 :: Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq (a,b,c)
zip3 = zipWith3 (,,)

-- | /O(min(n1,n2,n3))/.  'zipWith3' takes a function which combines
-- three elements, as well as three sequences and returns a sequence of
-- their point-wise combinations, analogous to 'zipWith'.
zipWith3 :: (a -> b -> c -> d) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq d
zipWith3 f s1 s2 s3 = zipWith ($) (zipWith f s1 s2) s3

-- | /O(min(n1,n2,n3,n4))/.  'zip4' takes four sequences and returns a
-- sequence of quadruples, analogous to 'zip'.
zip4 :: Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq d -> Seq (a,b,c,d)
zip4 = zipWith4 (,,,)

-- | /O(min(n1,n2,n3,n4))/.  'zipWith4' takes a function which combines
-- four elements, as well as four sequences and returns a sequence of
-- their point-wise combinations, analogous to 'zipWith'.
zipWith4 :: (a -> b -> c -> d -> e) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq d -> Seq e
zipWith4 f s1 s2 s3 s4 = zipWith ($) (zipWith ($) (zipWith f s1 s2) s3) s4

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Sorting
--
-- sort and sortBy are implemented by simple deforestations of
-- 	\ xs -> fromList2 (length xs) . Data.List.sortBy cmp . toList
-- which does not get deforested automatically, it would appear.
--
-- Unstable sorting is performed by a heap sort implementation based on
-- pairing heaps.  Because the internal structure of sequences is quite
-- varied, it is difficult to get blocks of elements of roughly the same
-- length, which would improve merge sort performance.  Pairing heaps,
-- on the other hand, are relatively resistant to the effects of merging
-- heaps of wildly different sizes, as guaranteed by its amortized
-- constant-time merge operation.  Moreover, extensive use of SpecConstr
-- transformations can be done on pairing heaps, especially when we're
-- only constructing them to immediately be unrolled.
--
-- On purely random sequences of length 50000, with no RTS options,
-- I get the following statistics, in which heapsort is about 42.5%
-- faster:  (all comparisons done with -O2)
--
-- Times (ms)            min      mean    +/-sd    median    max
-- to/from list:       103.802  108.572    7.487  106.436  143.339
-- unstable heapsort:   60.686   62.968    4.275   61.187   79.151
--
-- Heapsort, it would seem, is less of a memory hog than Data.List.sortBy.
-- The gap is narrowed when more memory is available, but heapsort still
-- wins, 15% faster, with +RTS -H128m:
--
-- Times (ms)            min    mean    +/-sd  median    max
-- to/from list:       42.692  45.074   2.596  44.600  56.601
-- unstable heapsort:  37.100  38.344   3.043  37.715  55.526
--
-- In addition, on strictly increasing sequences the gap is even wider
-- than normal; heapsort is 68.5% faster with no RTS options:
-- Times (ms)            min    mean    +/-sd  median    max
-- to/from list:       52.236  53.574   1.987  53.034  62.098
-- unstable heapsort:  16.433  16.919   0.931  16.681  21.622
--
-- This may be attributed to the elegant nature of the pairing heap.
--
-- wasserman.louis@gmail.com, 7/20/09
------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- | /O(n log n)/.  'sort' sorts the specified 'Seq' by the natural
-- ordering of its elements.  The sort is stable.
-- If stability is not required, 'unstableSort' can be considerably
-- faster, and in particular uses less memory.
sort :: Ord a => Seq a -> Seq a
sort = sortBy compare

-- | /O(n log n)/.  'sortBy' sorts the specified 'Seq' according to the
-- specified comparator.  The sort is stable.
-- If stability is not required, 'unstableSortBy' can be considerably
-- faster, and in particular uses less memory.
sortBy :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> Seq a -> Seq a
sortBy cmp xs = fromList2 (length xs) (Data.List.sortBy cmp (toList xs))

-- | /O(n log n)/.  'unstableSort' sorts the specified 'Seq' by
-- the natural ordering of its elements, but the sort is not stable.
-- This algorithm is frequently faster and uses less memory than 'sort',
-- and performs extremely well -- frequently twice as fast as 'sort' --
-- when the sequence is already nearly sorted.
unstableSort :: Ord a => Seq a -> Seq a
unstableSort = unstableSortBy compare

-- | /O(n log n)/.  A generalization of 'unstableSort', 'unstableSortBy'
-- takes an arbitrary comparator and sorts the specified sequence.
-- The sort is not stable.  This algorithm is frequently faster and
-- uses less memory than 'sortBy', and performs extremely well --
-- frequently twice as fast as 'sortBy' -- when the sequence is already
-- nearly sorted.
unstableSortBy :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> Seq a -> Seq a
unstableSortBy cmp (Seq xs) =
	fromList2 (size xs) $ maybe [] (unrollPQ cmp) $
		toPQ cmp (\ (Elem x) -> PQueue x Nil) xs

-- | fromList2, given a list and its length, constructs a completely
-- balanced Seq whose elements are that list using the applicativeTree
-- generalization.
fromList2 :: Int -> [a] -> Seq a
fromList2 n = execState (replicateA n (State (\ (x:xs) -> (xs, x))))

-- | A 'PQueue' is a simple pairing heap.
data PQueue e = PQueue e (PQL e)
data PQL e = Nil | {-# UNPACK #-} !(PQueue e) :& PQL e

infixr 8 :&

#if TESTING

instance Functor PQueue where
	fmap f (PQueue x ts) = PQueue (f x) (fmap f ts)

instance Functor PQL where
	fmap f (q :& qs) = fmap f q :& fmap f qs
	fmap _ Nil = Nil

instance Show e => Show (PQueue e) where
	show = unlines . draw . fmap show

-- borrowed wholesale from Data.Tree, as Data.Tree actually depends
-- on Data.Sequence
draw :: PQueue String -> [String]
draw (PQueue x ts0) = x : drawSubTrees ts0
  where drawSubTrees Nil = []
	drawSubTrees (t :& Nil) =
		"|" : shift "`- " "   " (draw t)
	drawSubTrees (t :& ts) =
		"|" : shift "+- " "|  " (draw t) ++ drawSubTrees ts

	shift first other = Data.List.zipWith (++) (first : repeat other)
#endif

-- | 'unrollPQ', given a comparator function, unrolls a 'PQueue' into
-- a sorted list.
unrollPQ :: (e -> e -> Ordering) -> PQueue e -> [e]
unrollPQ cmp = unrollPQ'
  where
	{-# INLINE unrollPQ' #-}
	unrollPQ' (PQueue x ts) = x:mergePQs0 ts
	(<>) = mergePQ cmp
	mergePQs0 Nil = []
	mergePQs0 (t :& Nil) = unrollPQ' t
	mergePQs0 (t1 :& t2 :& ts) = mergePQs (t1 <> t2) ts
	mergePQs t ts = t `seq` case ts of
		Nil		-> unrollPQ' t
		t1 :& Nil	-> unrollPQ' (t <> t1)
		t1 :& t2 :& ts'	-> mergePQs (t <> (t1 <> t2)) ts'

-- | 'toPQ', given an ordering function and a mechanism for queueifying
-- elements, converts a 'FingerTree' to a 'PQueue'.
toPQ :: (e -> e -> Ordering) -> (a -> PQueue e) -> FingerTree a -> Maybe (PQueue e)
toPQ _ _ Empty = Nothing
toPQ _ f (Single x) = Just (f x)
toPQ cmp f (Deep _ pr m sf) = Just (maybe (pr' <> sf') ((pr' <> sf') <>) (toPQ cmp fNode m))
  where
	fDigit digit = case fmap f digit of
		One a		-> a
		Two a b		-> a <> b
		Three a b c	-> a <> b <> c
		Four a b c d	-> (a <> b) <> (c <> d)
	(<>) = mergePQ cmp
	fNode = fDigit . nodeToDigit
	pr' = fDigit pr
	sf' = fDigit sf

-- | 'mergePQ' merges two 'PQueue's.
mergePQ :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> PQueue a -> PQueue a -> PQueue a
mergePQ cmp q1@(PQueue x1 ts1) q2@(PQueue x2 ts2)
  | cmp x1 x2 == GT	= PQueue x2 (q1 :& ts2)
  | otherwise		= PQueue x1 (q2 :& ts1)

#if TESTING

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- QuickCheck
------------------------------------------------------------------------

instance Arbitrary a => Arbitrary (Seq a) where
	arbitrary = liftM Seq arbitrary
	shrink (Seq x) = map Seq (shrink x)

instance Arbitrary a => Arbitrary (Elem a) where
	arbitrary = liftM Elem arbitrary

instance (Arbitrary a, Sized a) => Arbitrary (FingerTree a) where
	arbitrary = sized arb
	  where arb :: (Arbitrary a, Sized a) => Int -> Gen (FingerTree a)
		arb 0 = return Empty
		arb 1 = liftM Single arbitrary
		arb n = liftM3 deep arbitrary (arb (n `div` 2)) arbitrary

	shrink (Deep _ (One a) Empty (One b)) = [Single a, Single b]
	shrink (Deep _ pr m sf) =
		[deep pr' m sf | pr' <- shrink pr] ++
		[deep pr m' sf | m' <- shrink m] ++
		[deep pr m sf' | sf' <- shrink sf]
	shrink (Single x) = map Single (shrink x)
	shrink Empty = []

instance (Arbitrary a, Sized a) => Arbitrary (Node a) where
	arbitrary = oneof [
		liftM2 node2 arbitrary arbitrary,
		liftM3 node3 arbitrary arbitrary arbitrary]

	shrink (Node2 _ a b) =
		[node2 a' b | a' <- shrink a] ++
		[node2 a b' | b' <- shrink b]
	shrink (Node3 _ a b c) =
		[node2 a b, node2 a c, node2 b c] ++
		[node3 a' b c | a' <- shrink a] ++
		[node3 a b' c | b' <- shrink b] ++
		[node3 a b c' | c' <- shrink c]

instance Arbitrary a => Arbitrary (Digit a) where
	arbitrary = oneof [
		liftM One arbitrary,
		liftM2 Two arbitrary arbitrary,
		liftM3 Three arbitrary arbitrary arbitrary,
		liftM4 Four arbitrary arbitrary arbitrary arbitrary]

	shrink (One a) = map One (shrink a)
	shrink (Two a b) = [One a, One b]
	shrink (Three a b c) = [Two a b, Two a c, Two b c]
	shrink (Four a b c d) = [Three a b c, Three a b d, Three a c d, Three b c d]

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Valid trees
------------------------------------------------------------------------

class Valid a where
	valid :: a -> Bool

instance Valid (Elem a) where
	valid _ = True

instance Valid (Seq a) where
	valid (Seq xs) = valid xs

instance (Sized a, Valid a) => Valid (FingerTree a) where
	valid Empty = True
	valid (Single x) = valid x
	valid (Deep s pr m sf) =
		s == size pr + size m + size sf && valid pr && valid m && valid sf

instance (Sized a, Valid a) => Valid (Node a) where
	valid node = size node == sum (fmap size node) && all valid node

instance Valid a => Valid (Digit a) where
	valid = all valid

#endif
