Chapter 2. Administration
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## Chapter 2. Administration

This chapter deals with the dauily running and management of the Box Backup system. It explains most day-to-day tasks.

## Regular Maintenance

The steps involved in maintaining and keeping the backup sets healthy are outlined in this section.

### Controlling a backup client

The bbackupctl program sends control commands to the bbackupd daemon. It must be run as the same user as the daemon, and there is no exception for root.

The command line syntax is:

    /usr/local/sbin/bbackupctl [-q] [-c config-file] command

The -q option reduces the amount of output the program emits, and -c allows an alternative configuration file to be specified.

Valid commands are:

- terminate

  Stop the bbackupd daemon now (equivalent to kill)

- reload

  Reload the configuration file (equivalent to kill -HUP)

- sync

  Connect to the server and synchronise files now

bbackupctl communicates with the server via a UNIX domain socket, specified in bbackupd.conf with the CommandSocket directive. This does not need to be specified, and bbackupd will run without the command socket, but in this case bbackupctl will not be able to communicate with the daemon.

Some platforms cannot check the user id of the connecting process, so this command socket becomes a denial of service security risk. bbackupd will warn you when it starts up if this is the case on your platform, and you should consider removing the CommandSocket directive on these platforms.

### Using bbackupctl to perform snapshots

bbackupctl's main purpose is to implement snapshot based backups, emulating the behaviour of traditional backup software.

Use bbackupd-config to write a configuration file in snapshot mode, and then run the following command as a cron job.

    /usr/local/sbin/bbackupctl -q sync

This will cause the backup daemon to upload all changed files immediately. bbackupctl will exit almost immediately, and will not output anything unless there is an error.

### Checking storage space used on the server

#### From the client machine

bbackupquery can tell you how much space is used on the server for this account. Either use the usage command in interactive mode, or type:

    /usr/local/sbin/bbackupquery -q usage quit

to show the space used as a single command.

#### On the server

bbstoreaccounts allows you to query the space used, and change the limits. To display the space used on the server for an account, use:

    /usr/local/sbin/bbstoreaccounts info 75AB23C

To adjust the soft and hard limits on an account, use:

    /usr/local/sbin/bbstoreaccounts setlimit 75AB23C new-soft-limit new-hard-limit

You do not need to restart the server.

### Verify and restore files

Backups are no use unless you can restore them. The bbackupquery utility does this and more.

You don't provide any login information to it, as it just picks up the data it needs from /etc/box/bbackupd.conf. You should run it as root so it can find everything it needs.

Full documentation can be found in the bbackupquery manual page. It follows the model of a command line sftp client quite closely.

TODO: Link to bbackupquery man-page here.

On systems where GNU readline is available (by default) it uses that for command line history and editing. Otherwise it falls back to very basic UNIX text entry.

TODO: Did the readline dependency change to editline?

#### Using bbackupquery

bbackupquery is the tool you use to verify, restore and investigate your backup files with. When invoked, it simply logs into the server using the certificates you have listed in bbackupd.conf.

After you run bbackupquery, you will see a prompt, allowing you to execute commands. The list (or ls) command lets you view files in the store. It works much like unix ls, but with different options. An example:

    [pthomsen@host bbackupquery]$ bbackupquery
    Box Backup Query Tool  v0.10, (c) Ben Summers and contributors 2003-2006
    Using configuration file /etc/box/bbackupd.conf
    Connecting to store...
    Handshake with store...
    Login to store...
    Login complete.

    Type "help" for a list of commands.

    query > ls
    00000002 -d---- mp3
    00000003 -d---- video
    00000004 -d---- home-pthomsen
    00000005 -d---- root
    query >

The ls commands shows the directories that are backed up. Now we'll take a closer look at the home-pthomsen directory:

    query > cd home-pthomsen
    query > ls
    00002809 f----- sample.tiff
    0000280a f----- s3.tiff
    0000280b f----- s4.tiff
    0000280d f----- s2.tiff
    0000280e f----- foo.pdf
    0000286c f----- core.28720
    0000339a -d---- .emacs.d
    0000339d -d---- bbackup-contrib
    00003437 f----- calnut.compare.txt
    0000345d f----- DSCN1783.jpg
    0000345e f----- DSCN1782.jpg
    query >

The ls command takes the following options;

- -r -- recursively list all files

- -d -- list deleted files/directories

- -o -- list old versions of files/directories

- -I -- don't display object ID

- -F -- don't display flags

- -t -- show file modification time (and attr mod time if has the object has attributes, ~ separated)

- -s -- show file size in blocks used on server (only very approximate indication of size locally)

The flags displayed from the ls command are as follows:

f = file
d = directory
X = deleted
o = old version
R = remove from server as soon as marked deleted or old
a = has attributes stored in directory record which override attributes in backup file

#### Verify backups

As with any backup system, you should frequently check that your backups are working properly by comparing them. Box Backup makes this very easy and completely automatic. All you have to do is schedule the bbackupquery compare command to run regularly, and check its output. You can run the command manually as follows:

    /usr/local/sbin/bbackupquery "compare -a" quit

This command will report all the differences found between the store and the files on disc. It will download everything, so may take a while. You should expect to see some differences on a typical compare, because files which have recently changed are unlikely to have been uploaded yet. It will also tell you how many files have been modified since the last backup run, since these will normally have changed, and such failures are expected.

You are strongly recommended to add this command as a cron job, at least once a month, and to check the output for anything suspicious, particularly a large number of compare failures, failures on files that have not been modified, or any error (anything except a compare mismatch) that occurs during the compare operation.

Consider keeping a record of these messages and comparing them with a future verification.

If you would like to do a "quick" check which just downloads file checksums and compares against that, then run:

    /usr/local/sbin/bbackupquery "compare -aq" quit

However, this does not check that the file attributes are correct, and since the checksums are generated on the client they may not reflect the data on the server if there is a problem -- the server cannot check the encrypted contents. View this as a quick indication, rather than a definite check that your backup verifies correctly.

#### Restore backups

You will need the keys file created when you configured the server. Without it, you cannot restore the files; this is the downside of encrypted backups. However, by keeping the small keys file safe, you indirectly keep your entire backup safe.

The first step is to recreate the configuration of the backup client. It's probably best to have stored the /etc/box directory with your keys. But if you're recreating it, all you really need is to have got the login infomation correct (ie the certs and keys).

Don't run bbackupd yet! It will mark all your files as deleted if you do, which is not hugely bad in terms of losing data, just a major inconvenience. (This assumes that you are working from a blank slate. If you want to restore some files to a different location, it's fine to restore while bbackupd is running, just do it outside a backed up directory to make sure it doesn't start uploading the restored files.)

Type:

    /usr/local/sbin/bbackupquery

to run it in interactive mode.

Type:

    list

to see a list of the locations stored on the server.

For each location you want to restore, type:

    restore name-on-server local-dir-name

The directory specified by local-dir-name must not exist yet. If the restore is interrupted for any reason, repeat the above steps, but add the -r flag to the restore command to tell it to resume.

#### Retrieving deleted and old files

Box Backup makes old versions of files and files you have deleted available, subject to there being enough disc space on the server to hold them.

This is how to retrieve them using bbackupquery. Future versions will make this far more user-friendly.

Firstly, run bbackupquery in interactive mode. It behaves in a similar manner to a command line sftp client.

    /usr/local/sbin/bbackupquery

Then navigate to the directory containing the file you want, using list, cd and pwd.

    query > cd home/profiles/USERNAME

List the directory, using the "o" option to list the files available without filtering out everything apart from the current version. (if you want to see deleted files as well, use list -odt)

    query > list -ot
    00000078 f--o- 2004-01-21T20:17:48 NTUSER.DAT
    00000079 f--o- 2004-01-21T20:17:48 ntuser.dat.LOG
    0000007a f--o- 2004-01-21T17:55:12 ntuser.ini
    0000007b f---- 2004-01-12T15:32:00 ntuser.pol
    0000007c -d--- 1970-01-01T00:00:00 Templates
    00000089 -d--- 1970-01-01T00:00:00 Start Menu
    000000a0 -d--- 1970-01-01T00:00:00 SendTo
    000000a6 -d--- 1970-01-01T00:00:00 Recent
    00000151 -d--- 1970-01-01T00:00:00 PrintHood
    00000152 -d--- 1970-01-01T00:00:00 NetHood
    00000156 -d--- 1970-01-01T00:00:00 My Documents
    0000018d -d--- 1970-01-01T00:00:00 Favorites
    00000215 -d--- 1970-01-01T00:00:00 Desktop
    00000219 -d--- 1970-01-01T00:00:00 Cookies
    0000048b -d--- 1970-01-01T00:00:00 Application Data
    000005da -d--- 1970-01-01T00:00:00 UserData
    0000437e f--o- 2004-01-24T02:45:43 NTUSER.DAT
    0000437f f--o- 2004-01-24T02:45:43 ntuser.dat.LOG
    00004380 f--o- 2004-01-23T17:01:29 ntuser.ini
    00004446 f--o- 2004-01-24T02:45:43 NTUSER.DAT
    00004447 f--o- 2004-01-24T02:45:43 ntuser.dat.LOG
    000045f4 f---- 2004-01-26T15:54:16 NTUSER.DAT
    000045f5 f---- 2004-01-26T15:54:16 ntuser.dat.LOG
    000045f6 f---- 2004-01-26T16:54:31 ntuser.ini

(this is a listing from a server which is used as a Samba server for a network of Windows clients.) You now need to fetch the file using it's ID, rather than it's name. The ID is the hex number in the first column. Fetch it like this:

    query > get -i 0000437e NTUSER.DAT
    Object ID 0000437e fetched successfully.

The object is now available on your local machine. You can use lcd to move around, and sh ls to list directories on your local machine.

## Fixing corruptions of store data

This section gives help on what to do if your server has suffered corruption, for example, after an unclean shutdown or other operating system or hardware problem.

In general, as updates to the store are made in an atomic manner, the most likely result is wasted disc space. However, if really bad things happen, or you believe that there is a lot of wasted space, then these instructions will help to restore your data.

You know you will need to do something if you get strange errors, and bbackupd attempts to contact the server every 100 seconds or so. Or if one of the discs in your RAID disc set has failed.

After following these instructions, the end result will be that bbackupquery will be able to see all the files which were stored on your server, and retrieve them. Some of them may be in lost+found directories in the root of the store (or in their original position if they have been moved) but they will all be able to be retrieved.

After you have retrieved the files you want, bbackupd will upload new versions where necessary, and after about two days, mark any lost+found directories as deleted. Finally, those directories will be removed by the housekeeping process on the server.

These instructions assume you're working on account 1234. Replace this with the account number that you actually want to check (the one that is experiencing errors). These steps will need to be repeated for all affected accounts.

### Stop bbackupd

First, make sure that bbackupd is not running on the client machine for the account you are going to recover. Use bbackupctl terminate to stop it. This step is not strictly necessary, but is recommended. During any checks on the account, bbackupd will be unable to log in, and after they are complete, the account is marked as changed on the server so bbackupd will perform a complete scan.

### Are you using RAID on the server?

The raidfile recovery tools have not been written, and probably will not be, since Box Backup RAID is deprecated. However, when two out of three files are available, the server will successfully allow access to your data, even if it complains a lot in the logs. The best thing to do is to fix the accounts, if necessary, and retrieve any files you need. Then move the old store directories aside (in case you need them) and start afresh with new accounts, and let the clients upload all their data again.

### Check and fix the account

First, run the check utility, and see what errors it reports.

    /usr/local/sbin/bbstoreaccounts check 1234

This will take some time, and use a fair bit of memory (about 16 bytes per file and directory). If the output looks plausible and reports errors which need fixing, run it again but with the fix flag:

    /usr/local/sbin/bbstoreaccounts check 1234 fix

This will fix any errors, and remove unrecoverable files. Directories will be recreated if necessary.

NOTE: The utility may adjust the soft and hard limits on the account to make sure that housekeeping will not remove anything -- check these afterwards.

### Grab any files you need with bbackupquery

At this point, you will have a working store. Every file which was on the server, and wasn't corrupt, will be available.

On the client, use bbackupquery to log in and examine the store. (type help at the prompt for instructions). Retrieve any files you need, paying attention to any lost+found directories in the root directory of the store.

You can skip this step if you are sure that the client machine is fine -- in this case, bbackupd will bring the store up to date.

### Restart bbackupd

Restart bbackupd on the client machine. The store account will be brought up to date, and files in the wrong place will be marked for eventual deletion.

## Troubleshooting

If you are trying to fix a store after your disc has been corrupted, see Fixing corruptions of store data.

Unfortunately, the error messages are not particularly helpful at the moment. This page lists some of the common errors, and the most likely causes of them.

When an error occurs, you will see a message like 'Exception: RaidFile/OSFileError (2/8)' either on the screen or in your log files. (it is recommended you set up another log file as recommended in the server setup instructions.)

This error may not be particularly helpful, although some do have extra information about probable causes. To get further information, check the ExceptionCodes.txt file in the root of the distribution. This file is generated by the ./configure script, so you will need to have run that first.

Some common causes of exceptions are listed below.

Please email me with any other codes you get, and I will let you know what they mean, and add notes here.

### RaidFile (2/8)

This is found either when running bbstoreaccounts or in the bbstored logs.

Problem: The directories you specified in the raidfile.conf are not writable by the _bbstored user.

Resolution: Change permissions appropriately.

### Common (1/2)

This usually occurs when the configuration files can't be opened.

Problem: You created your configurations in non-standard locations, and the programs cannot find them.

Resolution: Explicitly specify configuration file locations to daemons and programs. For example

    /usr/local/sbin/bbstored /some/other/dir/bbstored.config /usr/local/sbin/bbackupquery -c /some/other/dir/bbackupd.config

(daemons specify the name as the first argument, utility programs with the -c option).

Problem: bbstored can't find the raidfile.conf file specified in bbstored.conf.

Resolution: Edit bbstored.conf to point to the correct location of this additional configuration file.

### Server (3/16)

The server can't listen for connections on the IP address specified when you configured it.

Problem: This probably means you've specified the wrong hostname to bbstored-config -- maybe your server is behind a NAT firewall?

Resolution: Edit bbstored.conf and correct the ListenAddresses line. You should replace the server address with the IP address of your machine.

### Connection (7/x)

These errors all relate to connections failing -- you may see them during operation if there are network failures or other problems between the client and server. The backup system will recover from them automatically.

#### Connection (7/30) - SSL problems

Log snippet from client side:

    bbackupd[1904]: Opening connection to server xxxx.xxx...
    bbackupd[1904]: SSL err during Connect: error:xxxxxxxx:rsa routines:RSA_padding_check_PKCS1_type_1:block type is not 01
    bbackupd[1904]: SSL err during Connect: error:xxxxxxxx:rsa routines:RSA_EAY_PUBLIC_DECRYPT:padding check failed
    bbackupd[1904]: SSL err during Connect: error:xxxxxxxx:asn1 encoding routines:ASN1_verify:EVP lib
    bbackupd[1904]: SSL err during Connect: error:xxxxxxxx:SSL routines:SSL3_GET_SERVER_CERTIFICATE:certificate verify failed
    bbackupd[1904]: TRACE: Exception thrown: ConnectionException(Conn_TLSHandshakeFailed) at SocketStreamTLS.cpp(237)
    bbackupd[1904]: Exception caught (7/30), reset state and waiting to retry...

And from the server:

    bbstored[19291]: Incoming connection from xx.xxx.xx.xxx port xxxxx (handling in child xxxxx)
    bbstored[21588]: SSL err during Accept: error:xxxxxxxx:SSL routines:SSL3_READ_BYTES:tlsv1 alert decrypt error
    bbstored[21588]: in server child, exception Connection TLSHandshakeFailed (7/30) -- terminating child

Solution: Create a new CA on the server side and re-generate the client certificate. Re-creating the client certificate request is not necessary.

### Advanced troubleshooting

If this really doesn't help, then using the DEBUG builds of the system will give you much more information -- a more descriptive exception message and the file and line number where the error occurred.

For example, if you are having problems with bbstoreaccounts, build the debug version with:

    cd boxbackup-0.0
    cd bin/bbstoreaccounts
    make

Within the module directories, make defaults to building the debug version. At the top level, it defaults to release.

This will build an executable in debug/bin/bbstoreaccounts which you can then use instead of the release version. It will give far more useful error messages.

When you get an error message, use the file and line number to locate where the error occurs in the code. There will be comments around that line to explain why the exception happened.

If you are using a debug version of a daemon, these extended messages are found in the log files.

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