# Mercury Coding Standard for the Mercury Project

## Documentation

Each module should contain header comments which state the module's name, main author(s), and purpose, and give an overview of what the module does, what are the major algorithms and data structures it uses, etc.

Everything that is exported from a module should have sufficient documentation that it can be understood without reference to the module's implementation section.

Each procedure that is implemented using foreign code should have sufficient documentation about its interface that it can be implemented just by referring to that documentation, without reference to the module's implementation section.

Each predicate other than trivial access predicates should have a short comment describing what the predicate is supposed to do, and what the meaning of the arguments is. Ideally this description should also note any conditions under which the predicate can fail or throw an exception.

There should be a comment for each field of a structure saying what the field represents.

Any user-visible changes such as new compiler options or new features should be documented in appropriate section of the Mercury documentation (usually the Mercury User's Guide and/or the Mercury Reference Manual). Any major new features should be documented in the NEWS file, as should even small changes to the library interface, or anything else that might cause anyone's existing code to break.

Any new compiler modules or other major design changes should be documented in `compiler/notes/compiler_design.html'.

Any feature which is incompletely implemented should be mentioned in `compiler/notes/work_in_progress.html'.

## Naming

Variables should always be given meaningful names, unless they are irrelevant to the code in question. For example, it is OK to use single-character names in an access predicate which just sets a single field of a structure, such as

    	bar_set_foo(Foo, bar(A, B, C, _, E), bar(A, B, C, Foo, E)).

Variables which represent different states or different versions of the same entity should be named Foo0, Foo1, Foo2, ..., Foo.

Predicates which get or set a field of a structure or ADT should be named bar_get_foo and bar_set_foo respectively, where bar is the name of the structure or ADT and foo is the name of the field.

## Coding

Your code should make as much reuse of existing code as possible. "cut-and-paste" style reuse is highly discouraged.

Your code should be efficient. Performance is a quite serious issue for the Mercury compiler.

No fixed limits please! (If you really must have a fixed limit, include detailed documentation explaining why it was so hard to avoid.)

Only use DCG notation for parsing, not for threading implicit arguments. Use state variables for threading the IO state etc. The conventional IO state variable name is `!IO`.

## Error handling

Code should check for both erroneous inputs from the user and also invalid data being passed from other parts of the Mercury compiler. You should also always check to make sure that the routines that you call have succeed; make sure you don't silently ignore failures. (This last point almost goes without saying in Mercury, but is particularly important to bear in mind if you are writing any C code or shell scripts, or if you are interfacing with the OS.)

Calls to error/1 should always indicate an internal software error, not merely incorrect inputs from the user, or failure of some library routine or system call. In the compiler, use unexpected/2 or sorry/2 from compiler_util.m rather than error/1. Use expect/3 from compiler_util rather than require/2.

Error messages should follow a consistent format. For compiler error messages, each line should start with the source file name and line number in "%s:%03d: " format. Compiler error messages should be complete sentences; they should start with a capital letter and end in a full stop. For error messages that are spread over more than one line (as are most of them), the second and subsequent lines should be indented two spaces. If the `--verbose-errors' option was set, you should print out additional text explaining in detail what the error message means and what the likely causes are. The preferred method of printing error messages is via the predicates in error_util.m; use prog_out__write_context and io__write_strings only if there is no way to add the capability you require to error_util.m.

Error messages from the runtime system should begin with the text "Mercury Runtime:", preferably by using the MR_fatal_error() routine.

If a system call or C library function that sets errno fails, the error message should be printed with perror() or should contain MR_strerror(errno, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf)). If it was a function manipulating some file, the error message should include the filename.

## Layout

Each module should be indented consistently, with either 4 or 8 spaces per level of indentation. The indentation should be consistently done, either only with tabs or only with spaces. A tab character should always mean 8 spaces; if a module is indented using 4 spaces per level of indentation, this should be indicated by four spaces, not by a tab with tab stops set to 4.

Files that use 8 spaces per level of indentation don't need any special setup. Files that use 4 spaces per level of indentation should have something like this at the top, even before the copyright line:

    	% vim: ft=mercury ts=4 sw=4 et

No line should extend beyond 79 characters. The reason we don't allow 80 character lines is that these lines wrap around in diffs, since diff adds an extra character at the start of each line.

Since "empty" lines that have spaces or tabs on them prevent the proper functioning of paragraph-oriented commands in vi, lines shouldn't have trailing white space. They can be removed with a vi macro such as the following. (Each pair of square brackets contains a space and a tab.)

    	map ;x :g/[     ][      ]*$/s///^M

String literals that don't fit on a single line should be split by writing them as two or more strings concatenated using the "++" operator; the compiler will evaluate this at compile time, if --optimize-constant-propagation is enabled (i.e. at -O3 or higher).

Predicates that have only one mode should use predmode declarations rather than having a separate mode declaration.

If-then-elses should always be parenthesized, except that an if-then-else that occurs as the else part of another if-then-else doesn't need to be parenthesized. The condition of an if-then-else can either be on the same line as the opening parenthesis and the `->',

    	( test1 ->
    		goal1
    	; test2 ->
    		goal2
    	;
    		goal
    	)

or, if the test is complicated, it can be on a line of its own:

    	(
    		very_long_test_that_does_not_fit_on_one_line(VeryLongArgument1,
    			VeryLongArgument2)
    	->
    		goal1
    	;
    		test2a,
    		test2b,
    	->
    		goal2
    	;
    		test3	% would fit one one line, but separate for consistency
    	->
    		goal3
    	;
    		goal
    	).

Disjunctions should always be parenthesized. The semicolon of a disjunction should never be at the end of a line -- put it at the start of the next line instead.

Predicates and functions implemented via foreign code should be formatted like this:

    :- pragma foreign_proc("C",
            int__to_float(IntVal::in, FloatVal::out),
            [will_not_call_mercury, promise_pure],
    "
            FloatVal = IntVal;
    ").

The predicate name and arguments should be on a line on their own, as should the list of annotations. The foreign code should also be on lines of its own; it shouldn't share lines with the double quote marks surrounding it.

Type definitions should be formatted in one of the following styles:

    	:- type my_type
    		--->	my_type(
    				some_other_type	% comment explaining it
    			).

    	:- type my_struct --->
    		my_struct(
    			field1,			% comment explaining it
    			...
    		).

    	:- type some_other_type == int.

    	:- type foo
    		--->	bar(
    				int,		% comment explaining it
    				float		% comment explaining it
    			)
    		;	baz
    		;	quux.

If an individual clause is long, it should be broken into sections, and each section should have a "block comment" describing what it does; blank lines should be used to show the separation into sections. Comments should precede the code to which they apply, rather than following it.

    	%
    	% This is a block comment; it applies to the code in the next
    	% section (up to the next blank line).
    	%
    	blah,
    	blah,
    	blahblah,
    	blah,

If a particular line or two needs explanation, a "line" comment

    	% This is a "line" comment; it applies to the next line or two
    	% of code
    	blahblah

or an "inline" comment

    	blahblah	% This is an "inline" comment

should be used.

## Structuring

Code should generally be arranged so that procedures (or types, etc.) are listed in top-down order, not bottom-up.

Code should be grouped into bunches of related predicates, functions, etc., and sections of code that are conceptually separate should be separated with dashed lines:

    %---------------------------------------------------------------------------%

Ideally such sections should be identified by "section heading" comments identifying the contents of the section, optionally followed by a more detailed description. These should be laid out like this:

    %---------------------------------------------------------------------------%
    %
    % Section title
    %

    % Detailed description of the contents of the section and/or
    % general comments about the contents of the section.
    % This part may go one for several lines.
    %
    % It can even contain several paragraphs.

    The actual code starts here.

For example

    %---------------------------------------------------------------------------%
    %
    % Exception handling
    %

    % This section contains all the code that deals with throwing or catching
    % exceptions, including saving and restoring the virtual machine registers
    % if necessary.
    %
    % Note that we need to take care to ensure that this code is thread-safe!

    :- type foo ---> ...

Double-dashed lines, i.e.

    %---------------------------------------------------------------------------%
    %---------------------------------------------------------------------------%

can also be used to indicate divisions into major sections. Note that these dividing lines should not exceed the 79 character limit (see above).

## Module imports

Each group of :- import_module items should list only one module per line, since this makes it much easier to read diffs that change the set of imported modules. In the compiler, when e.g. an interface section imports modules from both the compiler and the standard library, there should be two groups of imports, the imports from the compiler first and then the ones from the library. For the purposes of this rule, consider the modules of mdbcomp to belong to the compiler.

Each group of import_module items should be sorted, since this makes it easier to detect duplicate imports and missing imports. It also groups together the imported modules from the same package. There should be no blank lines between the imports of modules from different packages, since this makes it harder to resort the group with a single editor command.

## Standard library predicates

The descriptive comment for any predicate or function that occurs in the interface of a standard library module must be positioned above the predicate/function declaration. It should be formatted like the following example:

    		% Description of predicate foo.
    		%
    	:- pred foo(...
    	:- mode foo(...

A group of related predicate, mode and function declarations may be grouped together under a single description provided that it is formatted as above. If there is a function declaration in such a grouping then it should be listed before the others. For example:

    		% Insert a new key and corresponding value into a map.
    		% Fail if the key already exists.
    		%
    	:- func map.insert(map(K, V), K, V) = map(K, V).
    	:- pred map.insert(map(K, V)::in, K::in, V::in, map(K, V)::out) is det.

The reason for using this particular style is that the reference manual for the standard library is automatically generated from the module interfaces, and we want to maintain a uniform appearance as much as is possible.

## Testing

Every change should be tested before being committed. The level of testing required depends on the nature of the change. If this change fixes an existing bug, and is unlikely to introduce any new bugs, then just compiling it and running some tests by hand is sufficient. If the change might break the compiler, you should run a bootstrap check (using the `bootcheck' script) before committing. If the change means that old versions of the compiler will not be able to compile the new version of the compiler, you must notify all the other Mercury developers.

In addition to testing before a change is committed, you need to make sure that the code will not get broken in the future by adding tests to the test suite. Every time you add a new feature, you should add some test cases for that new feature to the test suite. Every time you fix a bug, you should add a regression test to the test suite.

## Committing changes

Before committing a change, you should get someone else to review your changes.

The file compiler/notes/reviews.html contains more information on review policy.

Last update was $Date: 2008-02-20 03:09:59 $ by $Author: wangp $@cs.mu.oz.au.