PIC(1)                                                                  PIC(1)



NAME
       pic - compile pictures for troff or TeX

SYNOPSIS
       pic [ -nvCSU ] [ filename ... ]
       pic -t [ -cvzCSU ] [ filename ... ]

DESCRIPTION
       This manual page describes the GNU version of pic, which is part of the
       groff document formatting system.  pic compiles  descriptions  of  pic-
       tures  embedded  within troff or TeX input files into commands that are
       understood by TeX or troff.  Each picture starts with a line  beginning
       with  .PS and ends with a line beginning with .PE.  Anything outside of
       .PS and .PE is passed through without change.

       It is the user's responsibility to provide appropriate  definitions  of
       the  PS and PE macros.  When the macro package being used does not sup-
       ply such definitions (for example, old versions  of  -ms),  appropriate
       definitions can be obtained with -mpic: These will center each picture.

OPTIONS
       Options that do not take arguments may be grouped behind  a  single  -.
       The  special  option  -- can be used to mark the end of the options.  A
       filename of - refers to the standard input.

       -C     Recognize .PS and .PE even when followed by  a  character  other
              than space or newline.

       -S     Safer mode; do not execute sh commands.  This can be useful when
              operating on untrustworthy input.  (enabled by default)

       -U     Unsafe mode; revert the default option -S.

       -n     Don't use the groff extensions to the  troff  drawing  commands.
              You  should  use  this  if  you  are  using a postprocessor that
              doesn't support these extensions.  The extensions are  described
              in groff_out(5).  The -n option also causes pic not to use zero-
              length lines to draw dots in troff mode.

       -t     TeX mode.

       -c     Be more compatible with tpic.  Implies -t.  Lines beginning with
              \  are not passed through transparently.  Lines beginning with .
              are passed through with the initial .  changed  to  \.   A  line
              beginning  with  .ps  is  given  special  treatment: it takes an
              optional integer argument specifying  the  line  thickness  (pen
              size)  in  milliinches; a missing argument restores the previous
              line thickness; the default line  thickness  is  8  milliinches.
              The  line thickness thus specified takes effect only when a non-
              negative line thickness has not been specified  by  use  of  the
              thickness attribute or by setting the linethick variable.

       -v     Print the version number.

       -z     In TeX mode draw dots using zero-length lines.

       The following options supported by other versions of pic are ignored:

       -D     Draw  all  lines  using the \D escape sequence.  pic always does
              this.

       -T dev Generate output for the troff device dev.  This  is  unnecessary
              because the troff output generated by pic is device-independent.

USAGE
       This section describes only the differences between  GNU  pic  and  the
       original version of pic.  Many of these differences also apply to newer
       versions of Unix pic.  A complete documentation  is  available  in  the
       file

              /usr/src/contrib/groff/doc/pic.ms

   TeX mode
       TeX  mode  is enabled by the -t option.  In TeX mode, pic will define a
       vbox called \graph for each picture.  Use the figname command to change
       the  name  of  the  vbox.  You must yourself print that vbox using, for
       example, the command

              \centerline{\box\graph}

       Actually, since the vbox has a height  of  zero  (it  is  defined  with
       \vtop) this will produce slightly more vertical space above the picture
       than below it;

              \centerline{\raise 1em\box\graph}

       would avoid this.

       To make the vbox having a positive height and a depth of zero (as  used
       e.g. by LaTeX's graphics.sty), define the following macro in your docu-
       ment:

              \def\gpicbox#1{%
                 \vbox{\unvbox\csname #1\endcsname\kern 0pt}}

       Now you can simply say \gpicbox{graph} instead of \box\graph.

       You must use a TeX driver that supports the tpic specials, version 2.

       Lines beginning with \ are passed through transparently; a %  is  added
       to  the  end  of the line to avoid unwanted spaces.  You can safely use
       this feature to change fonts or to change the value  of  \baselineskip.
       Anything  else  may  well  produce undesirable results; use at your own
       risk.  Lines beginning with a period are not given any  special  treat-
       ment.

   Commands
       for variable = expr1 to expr2 [by [*]expr3] do X body X
              Set variable to expr1.  While the value of variable is less than
              or equal to expr2, do body and increment variable by  expr3;  if
              by  is not given, increment variable by 1.  If expr3 is prefixed
              by * then variable will instead be  multiplied  by  expr3.   The
              value  of  expr3 can be negative for the additive case; variable
              is then tested whether it is greater than  or  equal  to  expr2.
              For  the  multiplicative  case, expr3 must be greater than zero.
              If the constraints aren't met, the loop isn't executed.   X  can
              be any character not occurring in body.

       if expr then X if-true X [else Y if-false Y]
              Evaluate  expr;  if it is non-zero then do if-true, otherwise do
              if-false.  X can be any character not occurring in  if-true.   Y
              can be any character not occurring in if-false.

       print arg...
              Concatenate  the  arguments and print as a line on stderr.  Each
              arg must be an expression, a position, or text.  This is  useful
              for debugging.

       command arg...
              Concatenate  the  arguments  and  pass them through as a line to
              troff or TeX.  Each arg must be an expression,  a  position,  or
              text.   This  has a similar effect to a line beginning with . or
              \, but allows the values of variables to be passed through.  For
              example,

                     .PS
                     x = 14
                     command ".ds string x is " x "."
                     .PE
                     \*[string]

              prints

                     x is 14.

       sh X command X
              Pass  command  to a shell.  X can be any character not occurring
              in command.

       copy "filename"
              Include filename at this point in the file.

       copy ["filename"] thru X body X [until "word"]
       copy ["filename"] thru macro [until "word"]
              This construct does body once for each  line  of  filename;  the
              line  is split into blank-delimited words, and occurrences of $i
              in body, for i between 1 and 9, are replaced by the i-th word of
              the  line.   If  filename is not given, lines are taken from the
              current input up to .PE.  If an until clause is specified, lines
              will  be read only until a line the first word of which is word;
              that line will then be discarded.  X can be  any  character  not
              occurring in body.  For example,

                     .PS
                     copy thru % circle at ($1,$2) % until "END"
                     1 2
                     3 4
                     5 6
                     END
                     box
                     .PE

              is equivalent to

                     .PS
                     circle at (1,2)
                     circle at (3,4)
                     circle at (5,6)
                     box
                     .PE

              The  commands  to  be  performed for each line can also be taken
              from a macro defined earlier by giving the name of the macro  as
              the argument to thru.

       reset
       reset variable1[,] variable2 ...
              Reset  pre-defined  variables  variable1, variable2 ... to their
              default values.  If no  arguments  are  given,  reset  all  pre-
              defined  variables to their default values.  Note that assigning
              a value to scale also causes all pre-defined variables that con-
              trol  dimensions  to  be reset to their default values times the
              new value of scale.

       plot expr ["text"]
              This is a text object which is constructed by using  text  as  a
              format  string for sprintf with an argument of expr.  If text is
              omitted a format string of "%g"  is  used.   Attributes  can  be
              specified  in the same way as for a normal text object.  Be very
              careful that you specify an appropriate format string; pic  does
              only very limited checking of the string.  This is deprecated in
              favour of sprintf.

       variable := expr
              This is similar to = except variable must  already  be  defined,
              and  expr  will be assigned to variable without creating a vari-
              able local to the current block.  (By contrast,  =  defines  the
              variable  in  the  current  block  if  it is not already defined
              there, and then changes the value in the  current  block  only.)
              For example, the following:

                     .PS
                     x = 3
                     y = 3
                     [
                       x := 5
                       y = 5
                     ]
                     print x " " y
                     .PE

              prints

                     5 3

       Arguments of the form

              X anything X

       are also allowed to be of the form

              { anything }

       In  this  case  anything  can  contain balanced occurrences of { and }.
       Strings may contain X or imbalanced occurrences of { and }.

   Expressions
       The syntax for expressions has been significantly extended:

       x ^ y (exponentiation)
       sin(x)
       cos(x)
       atan2(y, x)
       log(x) (base 10)
       exp(x) (base 10, ie 10^x)
       sqrt(x)
       int(x)
       rand() (return a random number between 0 and 1)
       rand(x) (return a random number between 1 and x; deprecated)
       srand(x) (set the random number seed)
       max(e1, e2)
       min(e1, e2)
       !e
       e1 && e2
       e1 || e2
       e1 == e2
       e1 != e2
       e1 >= e2
       e1 > e2
       e1 <= e2
       e1 < e2
       "str1" == "str2"
       "str1" != "str2"

       String comparison expressions must be parenthesised in some contexts to
       avoid ambiguity.

   Other Changes
       A  bare  expression, expr, is acceptable as an attribute; it is equiva-
       lent to dir expr, where dir is the current direction.  For example

              line 2i

       means draw a line 2 inches long in the current direction.  The `i'  (or
       `I')  character  is  ignored;  to use another measurement unit, set the
       scale variable to an appropriate value.

       The maximum width and height of the picture are taken  from  the  vari-
       ables maxpswid and maxpsht.  Initially these have values 8.5 and 11.

       Scientific notation is allowed for numbers.  For example

              x = 5e-2

       Text attributes can be compounded.  For example,

              "foo" above ljust

       is valid.

       There  is  no  limit to the depth to which blocks can be examined.  For
       example,

              [A: [B: [C: box ]]] with .A.B.C.sw at 1,2
              circle at last [].A.B.C

       is acceptable.

       Arcs now have compass points determined by the circle of which the  arc
       is a part.

       Circles,  ellipses,  and  arcs  can  be  dotted or dashed.  In TeX mode
       splines can be dotted or dashed also.

       Boxes can have rounded corners.  The rad attribute specifies the radius
       of  the quarter-circles at each corner.  If no rad or diam attribute is
       given, a radius of boxrad is used.  Initially, boxrad has a value of 0.
       A box with rounded corners can be dotted or dashed.

       The .PS line can have a second argument specifying a maximum height for
       the picture.  If the width of zero  is  specified  the  width  will  be
       ignored in computing the scaling factor for the picture.  Note that GNU
       pic will always scale a picture by the same amount vertically  as  well
       as  horizontally.   This  is  different  from the DWB 2.0 pic which may
       scale a picture by a different amount vertically than horizontally if a
       height is specified.

       Each  text object has an invisible box associated with it.  The compass
       points of a text object are  determined  by  this  box.   The  implicit
       motion  associated with the object is also determined by this box.  The
       dimensions of this box are taken from the width and height  attributes;
       if  the width attribute is not supplied then the width will be taken to
       be textwid; if the height attribute is not  supplied  then  the  height
       will  be  taken  to  be  the number of text strings associated with the
       object times textht.  Initially textwid and textht have a value of 0.

       In (almost all) places where a quoted  text  string  can  be  used,  an
       expression of the form

              sprintf("format", arg,...)

       can  also  be used; this will produce the arguments formatted according
       to format, which should be a string as described in printf(3) appropri-
       ate for the number of arguments supplied.

       The  thickness  of  the lines used to draw objects is controlled by the
       linethick variable.  This gives the thickness of lines  in  points.   A
       negative  value  means  use  the default thickness: in TeX output mode,
       this means use a thickness of 8 milliinches; in TeX  output  mode  with
       the  -c  option,  this  means  use  the line thickness specified by .ps
       lines; in troff output mode, this means use a thickness proportional to
       the pointsize.  A zero value means draw the thinnest possible line sup-
       ported by the output device.  Initially it has a value of -1.  There is
       also a thick[ness] attribute.  For example,

              circle thickness 1.5

       would  draw  a circle using a line with a thickness of 1.5 points.  The
       thickness of lines is not affected by the value of the scale  variable,
       nor by the width or height given in the .PS line.

       Boxes  (including boxes with rounded corners), circles and ellipses can
       be filled by giving them an  attribute  of  fill[ed].   This  takes  an
       optional argument of an expression with a value between 0 and 1; 0 will
       fill it with white, 1 with black, values in between with a  proportion-
       ally  gray  shade.  A value greater than 1 can also be used: this means
       fill with the shade of gray that is currently being used for  text  and
       lines.   Normally  this will be black, but output devices may provide a
       mechanism for changing this.  Without an argument, then  the  value  of
       the  variable fillval will be used.  Initially this has a value of 0.5.
       The invisible attribute does not affect the filling  of  objects.   Any
       text associated with a filled object will be added after the object has
       been filled, so that the text will not be obscured by the filling.

       Three additional modifiers are available to  specify  colored  objects:
       outline[d]  sets  the  color of the outline, shaded the fill color, and
       colo[u]r[ed] sets both.  All three keywords expect a suffix  specifying
       the color, for example

              circle shaded "green" outline "black"

       Currently, color support isn't available in TeX mode.  Predefined color
       names for groff are in the device macro  files,  for  example  ps.tmac;
       additional  colors  can  be defined with the .defcolor request (see the
       manual page of troff(1) for more details).

       To change the name of the vbox in TeX  mode,  set  the  pseudo-variable
       figname  (which  is  actually a specially parsed command) within a pic-
       ture.  Example:

              .PS
              figname = foobar;
              ...
              .PE

       The picture is then available in the box \foobar.

       pic assumes that at the beginning of a  picture  both  glyph  and  fill
       color are set to the default value.

       Arrow  heads will be drawn as solid triangles if the variable arrowhead
       is non-zero and either TeX mode is enabled or the  -n  option  has  not
       been  given.   Initially  arrowhead  has a value of 1.  Note that solid
       arrow heads are always filled with the current outline color.

       The troff output of pic is device-independent.  The -T option is there-
       fore  redundant.   All  numbers  are taken to be in inches; numbers are
       never interpreted to be in troff machine units.

       Objects can have an aligned attribute.  This  will  only  work  if  the
       postprocessor  is grops.  Any text associated with an object having the
       aligned attribute will be rotated about the center  of  the  object  so
       that  it  is  aligned  in the direction from the start point to the end
       point of the object.  Note that this attribute will have no effect  for
       objects whose start and end points are coincident.

       In places where nth is allowed `expr'th is also allowed.  Note that 'th
       is a single token: no space is allowed between the ' and the  th.   For
       example,

              for i = 1 to 4 do {
                 line from `i'th box.nw to `i+1'th box.se
              }

CONVERSION
       To  obtain a stand-alone picture from a pic file, enclose your pic code
       with .PS and .PE requests; roff configuration commands may be added  at
       the beginning of the file, but no roff text.

       It  is  necessary  to feed this file into groff without adding any page
       information, so you must check which .PS and .PE requests are  actually
       called.  For example, the mm macro package adds a page number, which is
       very annoying.  At the moment, calling standard groff without any macro
       package  works.   Alternatively, you can define your own requests, e.g.
       to do nothing:

              .de PS
              ..
              .de PE
              ..

       groff itself does not provide direct  conversion  into  other  graphics
       file  formats.  But there are lots of possibilities if you first trans-
       form your picture into PostScript(R)  format  using  the  groff  option
       -Tps.   Since this ps-file lacks BoundingBox information it is not very
       useful by itself, but it may be fed  into  other  conversion  programs,
       usually  named  ps2other or pstoother or the like.  Moreover, the Post-
       Script interpreter ghostscript (gs) has  built-in  graphics  conversion
       devices that are called with the option

              gs -sDEVICE=<devname>

       Call

              gs --help

       for a list of the available devices.

       As the Encapsulated PostScript File Format EPS is getting more and more
       important, and the conversion wasn't regarded trivial in the  past  you
       might  be  interested  to  know  that  there is a conversion tool named
       ps2eps which does the right job.  It  is  much  better  than  the  tool
       ps2epsi packaged with gs.

       For  bitmapped  graphic  formats, you should use pstopnm; the resulting
       (intermediate) PNM file can be then converted to virtually any graphics
       format using the tools of the netpbm package .

FILES
       /usr/share/tmac/pic.tmac   Example definitions of the PS and PE macros.

SEE ALSO
       troff(1),   groff_out(5),   tex(1),   gs(1),   ps2eps(1),   pstopnm(1),
       ps2epsi(1), pnm(5)

       Tpic: Pic for TeX

       Brian  W.  Kernighan,  PIC -- A Graphics Language for Typesetting (User
       Manual).  AT&T Bell Laboratories, Computing  Science  Technical  Report
       No. 116  <http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/cstr/116.ps.gz>  (revised  May,
       1991).

       ps2eps is available from CTAN mirrors, e.g.
       <ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/support/ps2eps/>

       W. Richard Stevens - Turning PIC Into HTML
       <http://www.kohala.com/start/troff/pic2html.html>

       W. Richard Stevens - Examples of picMacros
       <http://www.kohala.com/start/troff/pic.examples.ps>

BUGS
       Input characters that are invalid for groff  (i.e.,  those  with  ASCII
       code 0, or 013 octal, or between 015 and 037 octal, or between 0200 and
       0237 octal) are rejected even in TeX mode.

       The interpretation of fillval is incompatible with the pic in 10th edi-
       tion Unix, which interprets 0 as black and 1 as white.

       PostScript(R) is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporation.



Groff Version 1.19.2            6 February 2006                         PIC(1)
