January 14, 1999 MTIO 4

### NAME

mtio - generic magnetic tape I/O interface

### SYNOPSIS

### DESCRIPTION

Magnetic tape has been the computer system backup and data transfer medium of choice for decades, because it has historically been cheaper in cost per bit stored, and the formats have been designed for portability and storage. However, tape drives have generally been the slowest mass storage devices attached to any computer system.

Magnetic tape comes in a wide variety of formats, from classic 9-track, through various Quarter Inch Cartridge (QIC) variants, to more modern systems using 8mm video tape, and Digital Audio Tape (DAT). There have also been a variety of proprietary tape systems, including DECtape, and IBM 3480.

#### UNIX TAPE I/O

Regardless of the specific characteristics of the particular tape transport mechanism (tape drive), UNIX tape I/O has two interfaces: "block and "raw. I/O through the block interface of a tape device is similar to I/O through the block special device for a disk driver: the individual read(2) and write(2) calls can be done in any amount of bytes, but all data is buffered through the system buffer cache, and I/O to the device is done in 1024 byte sized blocks. This limitation is sufficiently restrictive that the block interface to tape devices is rarely used.

The "raw interface differs in that all I/O can be done in arbitrary sized blocks, within the limitations for the specific device and device driver, and all I/O is synchronous. This is the most flexible interface, but since there is very little that is handled automatically by the kernel, user programs must implement specific magnetic tape handling routines, which puts the onus of correctness on the application programmer.

#### DEVICE NAME CONVENTIONS

Each magnetic tape subsystem has a couple of special devices associated with it.

The block device is usually named for the driver, e.g. ```/dev/st0` for unit zero of a st(4) SCSI tape drive.

The raw device name is the block device name with an "r prepended, e.g. ```/dev/rst0`.

By default, the tape driver will rewind the tape drive when the device is closed. To make it possible for multiple program invocations to sequentially write multiple files on the same tape, a "no rewind on close device is provided, denoted by the letter "n prepended to the name of the device, e.g. ```/dev/nst0`, ```/dev/nrst0`.

The mt(1) command can be used to explicitly rewind, or otherwise position a tape at a particular point with the no-rewind device.

#### FILE MARK HANDLING

Two end-of-file (EOF) markers mark the end of a tape (EOT), and one end-of-file marker marks the end of a tape file.

By default, the tape driver will write two End Of File (EOF) marks and rewind the tape when the device is closed after the last write.

If the tape is not to be rewound it is positioned with the head in between the two tape marks, where the next write will over write the second end-of-file marker.

All of the magnetic tape devices may be manipulated with the mt(1) command.

A number of ioctl(2) operations are available on raw magnetic tape. Please see <```sys/mtio.h`> for their definitions.

The manual pages for specific tape device drivers should list their particular capabilities and limitations.

### SEE ALSO

dd(1), mt(1), pax(1), tar(1), st(4), wt(4)

### HISTORY

The mtio manual appeared in 4.2BSD.

### BUGS

The status should be returned in a device independent format.

If and when NetBSD is updated to deal with non-512 byte per sector disk media through the system buffer cache, perhaps a more sane tape interface can be implemented.