December 18, 2001 UNITS 1

### NAME

units - conversion program

### SYNOPSIS

units [-f filename] [-qv] [[count] from-unit to-unit]

### DESCRIPTION

units converts quantities expression in various scales to their equivalents in other scales. units can only handle multiplicative scale changes. It cannot convert Centigrade to Fahrenheit, for example.

The following options are supported:

-f filename
  Specifies the name of the units data file to load.

-q
  Suppresses prompting of the user for units and the display of statistics about the number of units loaded.

-v
  Prints the version number.

from-unit to-unit
  Allows a single unit conversion to be done directly from the command line. No prompting will occur. units will print out only the result of this single conversion. The count argument can be prepended to the from-unit or it can be separate.

units works interactively by prompting the user for input: ``

        You have: meters
        You want: feet
                * 3.2808399
                / 0.3048

        You have: cm^3
        You want: gallons
                * 0.00026417205
                / 3785.4118

Powers of units can be specified using the ``^'' character as shown in the example, or by simple concatenation: ``cm3'' is equivalent to ``cm^3''. Multiplication of units can be specified by using spaces, a dash or an asterisk. Division of units is indicated by the slash (`/'). Note that multiplication has a higher precedence than division, so ``m/s/s'' is the same as ``m/s^2'' or ``m/s s''. If the user enters incompatible unit types, the units program will print a message indicating that the units are not conformable and it will display the reduced form for each unit: ``

        You have: ergs/hour
        You want: fathoms kg^2 / day
        conformability error
                2.7777778e-11 kg m^2 / sec^3
                2.1166667e-05 kg^2 m / sec

The conversion information is read from a units data file. The default file includes definitions for most familiar units, abbreviations and metric prefixes. Some constants of nature included are:

pi
  ratio of circumference to diameter
c
  speed of light
e
  charge on an electron
g
  acceleration of gravity
force
  same as g
mole
  Avogadro's number
water
  pressure per unit height of water
mercury
  pressure per unit height of mercury
au
  astronomical unit

``pound'' is a unit of mass. Compound names are run together so ``poundforce'' is a unit of force. British units that differ from their US counterparts are prefixed with
``'' and currency is prefixed with its country name: ``belgiumfranc'', ``britainpound''. When searching for a unit, if the specified string does not appear exactly as a unit name, then the units program will try to remove a trailing ``s'' or a trailing ``es'' and check again for a match.

All of these definitions can be read in the standard units file, or you can supply your own file. A unit is specified on a single line by giving its name and an equivalence. One should be careful to define new units in terms of old ones so that a reduction leads to the primitive units which are marked with `!' characters. units will not detect infinite loops that could be caused by careless unit definitions.

Prefixes are defined in the same was as standard units, but with a trailing dash at the end of the prefix name.

### FILES

```/usr/share/misc/units.lib`
  the standard units library

### AUTHORS

Adrian Mariano <adrian@cam.cornell.edu>
or <mariano@geom.umn.edu>

### BUGS

The effect of including a `/' in a prefix is surprising.

Exponents entered by the user can be only one digit. You can work around this by multiplying several terms.

The user must use `|' to indicate division of numbers and `/' to indicate division of symbols. This distinction should not be necessary.

The program contains various arbitrary limits on the length of the units converted and on the length of the data file.

The program should use a hash table to store units so that it doesn't take so long to load the units list and check for duplication.