May 10, 2008 MAKEFS 8

### NAME

makefs - create a file system image from a directory tree

### SYNOPSIS

makefs [-x] [-B byte-order] [-b free-blocks] [-d debug-mask] [-F specfile] [-f free-files] [-M minimum-size] [-m maximum-size] [-N userdb-dir] [-o fs-options] [-S sector-size] [-s image-size] [-t fs-type] image-file directory

### DESCRIPTION

The utility makefs creates a file system image into image-file from the directory tree directory. No special devices or privileges are required to perform this task.

The options are as follows:

-B byte-order
  Set the byte order of the image to byte-order. Valid byte orders are `4321', `big', or `be' for big endian, and `1234', `little', or `le' for little endian. Some file systems may have a fixed byte order; in those cases this argument will be ignored.

-b free-blocks
  Ensure that a minimum of free-blocks free blocks exist in the image. An optional `%' suffix may be provided to indicate that free-blocks indicates a percentage of the calculated image size.

-d debug-mask
  Enable various levels of debugging, depending upon which bits are set in debug-mask. XXX: document these

-F specfile
  Use specfile as an mtree(8) `specfile' specification.

  If a specfile entry exists in the underlying file system, its permissions and modification time will be used unless specifically overridden by the specfile. An error will be raised if the type of entry in the specfile conflicts with that of an existing entry.

  In the opposite case (where a specfile entry does not have an entry in the underlying file system) the following occurs: If the specfile entry is marked optional, the specfile entry is ignored. Otherwise, the entry will be created in the image, and it is necessary to specify at least the following parameters in the specfile: type, mode, gname, or gid, and uname or uid, device (in the case of block or character devices), and link (in the case of symbolic links). If time isn't provided, the current time will be used. If flags isn't provided, the current file flags will be used. Missing regular file entries will be created as zero-length files.

-f free-files
  Ensure that a minimum of free-files free files (inodes) exist in the image. An optional `%' suffix may be provided to indicate that free-files indicates a percentage of the calculated image size.

-M minimum-size
  Set the minimum size of the file system image to minimum-size.

-m maximum-size
  Set the maximum size of the file system image to maximum-size. An error will be raised if the target file system needs to be larger than this to accommodate the provided directory tree.

-N dbdir
  Use the user database text file ```master.passwd` and group database text file ```group` from dbdir, rather than using the results from the system's getpwnam(3) and getgrnam(3) (and related) library calls.

-o fs-options
  Set file system specific options. fs-options is a comma separated list of options. Valid file system specific options are detailed below.

-S sector-size
  Set the file system sector size to sector-size. Defaults to 512.

-s image-size
  Set the size of the file system image to image-size.

-t fs-type
  Create an fs-type file system image. The following file system types are supported:

  ffs
    BSD fast file system (default).

  cd9660
    ISO 9660 file system.

-x
  Exclude file system nodes not explicitly listed in the specfile.

Where sizes are specified, a decimal number of bytes is expected. Two or more numbers may be separated by an ``x'' to indicate a product. Each number may have one of the following optional suffixes:

b
  Block; multiply by 512
k
  Kibi; multiply by 1024 (1 KiB)
m
  Mebi; multiply by 1048576 (1 MiB)
g
  Gibi; multiply by 1073741824 (1 GiB)
t
  Tebi; multiply by 1099511627776 (1 TiB)
w
  Word; multiply by the number of bytes in an integer

#### FFS-specific options

ffs images have ffs-specific optional parameters that may be provided. Each of the options consists of a keyword, an equal sign (`='), and a value. The following keywords are supported:

avgfilesize
  Expected average file size.
avgfpdir
  Expected number of files per directory.
bsize
  Block size.
density
  Bytes per inode.
fsize
  Fragment size.
maxbpg
  Maximum blocks per file in a cylinder group.
minfree
  Minimum % free.
optimization
  Optimization preference; one of `space' or `time'.
extent
  Maximum extent size.
maxbpcg
  Maximum total number of blocks in a cylinder group.
version
  UFS version. 1 for FFS (default), 2 for UFS2.

#### CD9660-specific options

cd9660 images have ISO9660-specific optional parameters that may be provided. The arguments consist of a keyword and, optionally, an equal sign (`='), and a value. The following keywords are supported:

allow-deep-trees
  Allow the directory structure to exceed the maximum specified in the spec.
allow-max-name
  Allow 37 instead of 33 characters for filenames by omitting the version id.
allow-multidot
  Allow multiple dots in a filename.
applicationid
  Application ID of the image.
boot-load-segment
  Set load segment for the boot image.
bootimage
  Filename of a boot image in the format ``sysid;filename'', where ``sysid'' is one of `i386', `mac68k', `macppc', or `powerpc'.
generic-bootimage
  Load a generic boot image into the first 32K of the cd9660 image.
hard-disk-boot
  Boot image is a hard disk image.
keep-bad-images
  Don't throw away images whose write was aborted due to an error. For debugging purposes.
label
  Label name of the image.
no-boot
  Boot image is not bootable.
no-emul-boot
  Boot image is a ``no emulation'' ElTorito image.
no-trailing-padding
  Do not pad the image (apparently Linux needs the padding).
preparer
  Preparer ID of the image.
publisher
  Publisher ID of the image.
rockridge
  Use RockRidge extensions (for longer filenames, etc.).
volumeid
  Volume set identifier of the image.

### SEE ALSO

strsuftoll(3), installboot(8), mtree(8), newfs(8)

### HISTORY

The makefs utility appeared in NetBSD1.6.

### AUTHORS

Luke Mewburn
<lukem@NetBSD.org> (original program) Daniel Watt
, Walter Deignan
, Ryan Gabrys
, Alan Perez-Rathke
, Ram Vedam
(cd9660 support)