MALLOC(9)

NAME
malloc, MALLOC, realloc, free, FREE, malloc_roundup, malloc_type_attach, malloc_type_detach, malloc_type_setlimit, MALLOC_DEFINE_LIMIT, MALLOC_DEFINE, MALLOC_DECLARE - general-purpose kernel memory allocator

SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/malloc.h>
void *
malloc(unsigned long size, struct malloc_type *type, int flags);
MALLOC(space, cast, unsigned long size, struct malloc_type *type, int flags);
void *
realloc(void *addr, unsigned long newsize, struct malloc_type *type, int flags);
void
free(void *addr, struct malloc_type *type);
FREE(void *addr, struct malloc_type *type);
unsigned long
malloc_roundup(unsigned long size);
void
malloc_type_attach(struct malloc_type *type);
void
malloc_type_detach(struct malloc_type *type);
void
malloc_type_setlimit(struct malloc_type *type, unsigned long limit);
#include <sys/mallocvar.h>
MALLOC_DEFINE_LIMIT(type, shortdesc, longdesc, limit);
MALLOC_JUSTDEFINE_LIMIT(type, shortdesc, longdesc, limit);
MALLOC_DEFINE(type, shortdesc, longdesc);
MALLOC_JUSTDEFINE(type, shortdesc, longdesc);
MALLOC_DECLARE(type);

DESCRIPTION
These interfaces are being obsoleted and their new use is discouraged. For new code, use kmem_alloc(9) or pool_cache(9) instead.

The malloc() function allocates uninitialized memory in kernel address space for an object whose size is specified by size. malloc_roundup() returns the actual size of the allocation unit for the given value. free() releases memory at address addr that was previously allocated by malloc() for re-use. Unlike free(3), free() does not accept an addr argument that is NULL.

The realloc() function changes the size of the previously allocated memory referenced by addr to size and returns a pointer to the (possibly moved) object. The memory contents are unchanged up to the lesser of the new and old sizes. If the new size is larger, the newly allocated memory is uninitialized. If the requested memory cannot be allocated, NULL is returned and the memory referenced by addr is unchanged. If addr is NULL, then realloc() behaves exactly as malloc(). If the new size is 0, then realloc() behaves exactly as free().

The MALLOC() macro variant is functionally equivalent to

    (space) = (cast)malloc((u_long)(size), type, flags)

and the FREE() macro variant is equivalent to

    free((void *)(addr), type)

The MALLOC() macro is intended to be used with a compile-time constant size so that the compiler can do constant folding. In the comparison to malloc() and free() functions, the MALLOC() and FREE() macros may be faster, at the cost of increased code size. There is no difference between the memory allocated with MALLOC and malloc. i.e., no matter which MALLOC or malloc is used to allocate the memory, either FREE or free can be used to free it.

Unlike its standard C library counterpart (malloc(3)), the kernel version takes two more arguments.

The flags argument further qualifies malloc() operational characteristics as follows:

M_NOWAIT
    Causes malloc() to return NULL if the request cannot be immediately fulfilled due to resource shortage. If this flag is not set (see M_WAITOK), malloc() will never return NULL.

M_WAITOK
    By default, malloc() may call cv_wait(9) to wait for resources to be released by other processes, and this flag represents this behaviour. Note that M_WAITOK is conveniently defined to be 0, and hence may be or'ed into the flags argument to indicate that it's ok to wait for resources.

M_ZERO
    Causes the allocated memory to be set to all zeros.

M_CANFAIL
    Changes behaviour for M_WAITOK case - if the requested memory size is bigger than malloc() can ever allocate, return failure, rather than calling panic(9). This is different to M_NOWAIT, since the call can still wait for resources.

    Rather than depending on M_CANFAIL, kernel code should do proper bound checking itself. This flag should only be used in cases where this is not feasible. Since it can hide real kernel bugs, its usage is strongly discouraged.

The type argument describes the subsystem and/or use within a subsystem for which the allocated memory was needed, and is commonly used to maintain statistics about kernel memory usage and, optionally, enforce limits on this usage for certain memory types.

In addition to some built-in generic types defined by the kernel memory allocator, subsystems may define their own types.

The MALLOC_DEFINE_LIMIT() macro defines a malloc type named type with the short description shortdesc, which must be a constant string; this description will be used for kernel memory statistics reporting. The longdesc argument, also a constant string, is intended as way to place a comment in the actual type definition, and is not currently stored in the type structure. The limit argument specifies the maximum amount of memory, in bytes, that this malloc type can consume.

The MALLOC_DEFINE() macro is equivalent to the MALLOC_DEFINE_LIMIT() macro with a limit argument of 0. If kernel memory statistics are being gathered, the system will choose a reasonable default limit for the malloc type.

The MALLOC_DECLARE() macro is intended for use in header files which are included by code which needs to use the malloc type, providing the necessary extern declaration.

Code which includes sys/malloc.h does not need to include sys/mallocvar.h to get these macro definitions. The sys/mallocvar.h header file is intended for other header files which need to use the MALLOC_DECLARE() macro.

The malloc_type_attach() function attaches the malloc type type to the kernel memory allocator. This is intended for use by LKMs; malloc types included in modules statically-linked into the kernel are automatically registered with the kernel memory allocator. However, it is possible to define malloc types without automatically registering them using MALLOC_JUSTDEFINE() or MALLOC_JUSTDEFINE_LIMIT(). Apart from not automatically registering to the kernel a boot time, these functions are equivalent to their counterparts. They can be used when a separate LKM codepath for initialization is not desired.

The malloc_type_detach() function detaches the malloc type type previously attached with malloc_type_attach().

The malloc_type_setlimit() function sets the memory limit of the malloc type type to limit bytes. The type must already be registered with the kernel memory allocator.

The following generic malloc types are currently defined:

M_DEVBUF
    Device driver memory.
M_DMAMAP
    bus_dma(9) structures.
M_FREE
    Should be on free list.
M_PCB
    Protocol control block.
M_SOFTINTR
    Softinterrupt structures.
M_TEMP
    Misc temporary data buffers.

Other malloc types are defined by the corresponding subsystem; see the documentation for that subsystem for information its available malloc types.

Statistics based on the type argument are maintained only if the kernel option KMEMSTATS is used when compiling the kernel ( the default in current NetBSD kernels) and can be examined by using ‘vmstat -m’.

RETURN VALUES
malloc() returns a kernel virtual address that is suitably aligned for storage of any type of object.

DIAGNOSTICS
A kernel compiled with the DIAGNOSTIC configuration option attempts to detect memory corruption caused by such things as writing outside the allocated area and imbalanced calls to the malloc() and free() functions. Failing consistency checks will cause a panic or a system console message:

•   panic: “malloc - bogus type”
•   panic: “malloc: out of space in kmem_map”
•   panic: “malloc: allocation too large”
•   panic: “malloc: wrong bucket”
•   panic: “malloc: lost data”
•   panic: “free: unaligned addr”
•   panic: “free: duplicated free”
•   panic: “free: multiple frees”
•   panic: “init: minbucket too small/struct freelist too big”
•   “multiply freed item <addr>”
•   “Data modified on freelist: <data object description>”

SEE ALSO
vmstat(1), memoryallocators(9)