VNODEOPS(9)            NetBSD Kernel Developer's Manual            VNODEOPS(9)

NAME
     vnodeops, VOP_LOOKUP, VOP_CREATE, VOP_MKNOD, VOP_OPEN, VOP_CLOSE,
     VOP_ACCESS, VOP_GETATTR, VOP_SETATTR, VOP_READ, VOP_WRITE, VOP_IOCTL,
     VOP_FCNTL, VOP_POLL, VOP_KQFILTER, VOP_REVOKE, VOP_MMAP, VOP_FSYNC,
     VOP_SEEK, VOP_REMOVE, VOP_LINK, VOP_RENAME, VOP_MKDIR, VOP_RMDIR,
     VOP_SYMLINK, VOP_READDIR, VOP_READLINK, VOP_ABORTOP, VOP_INACTIVE,
     VOP_RECLAIM, VOP_LOCK, VOP_UNLOCK, VOP_ISLOCKED, VOP_BMAP, VOP_PRINT,
     VOP_PATHCONF, VOP_ADVLOCK, VOP_LEASE, VOP_WHITEOUT, VOP_GETPAGES,
     VOP_PUTPAGES, VOP_STRATEGY, VOP_BWRITE, VOP_GETEXTATTR, VOP_SETEXTATTR,
     VOP_LISTEXTATTR -- vnode operations

SYNOPSIS
     #include <sys/param.h>
     #include <sys/buf.h>
     #include <sys/dirent.h>
     #include <sys/lock.h>
     #include <sys/vnode.h>
     #include <sys/mount.h>
     #include <sys/namei.h>
     #include <sys/unistd.h>
     #include <sys/fcntl.h>
     #include <sys/lockf.h>
     #include <sys/extattr.h>

     int
     VOP_LOOKUP(struct vnode *dvp, struct vnode **vpp,
         struct componentname *cnp);

     int
     VOP_CREATE(struct vnode *dvp, struct vnode **vpp,
         struct componentname *cnp, struct vattr *vap);

     int
     VOP_MKNOD(struct vnode *dvp, struct vnode **vpp,
         struct componentname *cnp, struct vattr *vap);

     int
     VOP_OPEN(struct vnode *vp, int mode, kauth_cred_t cred);

     int
     VOP_CLOSE(struct vnode *vp, int fflag, kauth_cred_t cred);

     int
     VOP_ACCESS(struct vnode *vp, int mode, kauth_cred_t cred);

     int
     VOP_GETATTR(struct vnode *vp, struct vattr *vap, kauth_cred_t cred);

     int
     VOP_SETATTR(struct vnode *vp, struct vattr *vap, kauth_cred_t cred);

     int
     VOP_READ(struct vnode *vp, struct uio *uio, int ioflag,
         kauth_cred_t cred);

     int
     VOP_WRITE(struct vnode *vp, struct uio *uio, int ioflag,
         kauth_cred_t cred);

     int
     VOP_IOCTL(struct vnode *vp, u_long command, void *data, int fflag,
         kauth_cred_t cred);

     int
     VOP_FCNTL(struct vnode *vp, u_int command, void *data, int fflag,
         kauth_cred_t cred);

     int
     VOP_POLL(struct vnode *vp, int events);

     int
     VOP_KQFILTER(struct vnode *vp, struct knote *kn);

     int
     VOP_REVOKE(struct vnode *vp, int flags);

     int
     VOP_MMAP(struct vnode *vp, vm_prot_t prot, kauth_cred_t cred);

     int
     VOP_FSYNC(struct vnode *vp, kauth_cred_t cred, int flags, off_t offlo,
         off_t offhi);

     int
     VOP_SEEK(struct vnode *vp, off_t oldoff, off_t newoff,
         kauth_cred_t cred);

     int
     VOP_REMOVE(struct vnode *vp, struct vnode *vp,
         struct componentname *cnp);

     int
     VOP_LINK(struct vnode *dvp, struct vnode *vp, struct componentname *cnp);

     int
     VOP_RENAME(struct vnode *fdvp, struct vnode *fvp,
         struct componentname *fcnp, struct vnode *tdvp, struct vnode *tvp,
         struct componentname *tcnp);

     int
     VOP_MKDIR(struct vnode *dvp, struct vnode **vpp,
         struct componentname *cnp, struct vattr *vap);

     int
     VOP_RMDIR(struct vnode *dvp, struct vnode *vp,
         struct componentname *cnp);

     int
     VOP_SYMLINK(struct vnode *dvp, struct vnode **vpp,
         struct componentname *cnp, struct vattr *vap, char *target);

     int
     VOP_READDIR(struct vnode *vp, struct uio *uio, kauth_cred_t cred,
         int *eofflag, off_t **cookies, int *ncookies);

     int
     VOP_READLINK(struct vnode *vp, struct uio *uio, kauth_cred_t cred);

     int
     VOP_ABORTOP(struct vnode *dvp, struct componentname *cnp);

     int
     VOP_INACTIVE(struct vnode *vp);

     int
     VOP_RECLAIM(struct vnode *vp);

     int
     VOP_LOCK(struct vnode *vp, int flags);

     int
     VOP_UNLOCK(struct vnode *vp, int flags);

     int
     VOP_ISLOCKED(struct vnode *vp);

     int
     VOP_BMAP(struct vnode *vp, daddr_t bn, struct vnode **vpp, daddr_t *bnp,
         int *runp);

     int
     VOP_PRINT(struct vnode *vp);

     int
     VOP_PATHCONF(struct vnode *vp, int name, register_t *retval);

     int
     VOP_ADVLOCK(struct vnode *vp, void *id, int op, struct flock *fl,
         int flags);

     int
     VOP_LEASE(struct vnode *vp, kauth_cred_t cred, int flag);

     int
     VOP_WHITEOUT(struct vnode *dvp, struct componentname *cnp, int flags);

     int
     VOP_GETPAGES(struct vnode *vp, voff_t offset, struct vm_page **m,
         int *count, int centeridx, vm_prot_t access_type, int advice,
         int flags);

     int
     VOP_PUTPAGES(struct vnode *vp, voff_t offlo, voff_t offhi, int flags);

     int
     VOP_STRATEGY(struct vnode *vp, struct buf *bp);

     int
     VOP_BWRITE(struct buf *bp);

     int
     VOP_GETEXTATTR(struct vnode *vp, int attrnamespace, const char *name,
         struct uio *uio, size_t *size, kauth_cred_t cred);

     int
     VOP_SETEXTATTR(struct vnode *vp, int attrnamespace, const char *name,
         struct uio *uio, kauth_cred_t cred);

     int
     VOP_LISTEXTATTR(struct vnode *vp, int attrnamespace, struct uio *uio,
         size_t *size, kauth_cred_t cred);

     Not all header files are required for each function.

DESCRIPTION
     The vnode operations vector describes what operations can be done to the
     file associated with the vnode.  The system maintains one vnode opera-
     tions vector for each file system type configured into the kernel.  The
     vnode operations vector contains a pointer to a function for each opera-
     tion supported by the file system.  Many of the functions described in
     the vnode operations vector are closely related to their corresponding
     system calls.  In most cases, they are called as a result of the system
     call associated with the operation being invoked.

     Functions in the vnode operations vector are invoked using specialized
     macros.  The following table lists the elements of the vnode operations
     vector, the corresponding invocation macro, and a description of the ele-
     ment.

     Vector element            Macro            Description
     int (*vop_lookup)()       VOP_LOOKUP       Lookup file name in name cache
     int (*vop_create)()       VOP_CREATE       Create a new file
     int (*vop_mknod)()        VOP_MKNOD        Make a new device
     int (*vop_open)()         VOP_OPEN         Open a file
     int (*vop_close)()        VOP_CLOSE        Close a file
     int (*vop_access)()       VOP_ACCESS       Determine file accessibility
     int (*vop_getattr)()      VOP_GETATTR      Get file attributes
     int (*vop_setattr)()      VOP_SETATTR      Set file attributes
     int (*vop_read)()         VOP_READ         Read from a file
     int (*vop_write)()        VOP_WRITE        Write to a file
     int (*vop_ioctl)()        VOP_IOCTL        Perform device-specific I/O
     int (*vop_fcntl)()        VOP_FCNTL        Perform file control
     int (*vop_poll)()         VOP_POLL         Test if poll event has occurred
     int (*vop_kqfilter)()     VOP_KQFILTER     Register a knote
     int (*vop_revoke)()       VOP_REVOKE       Eliminate vode activity
     int (*vop_mmap)()         VOP_MMAP         Map file into user address space
     int (*vop_fsync)()        VOP_FSYNC        Flush pending data to disk
     int (*vop_seek)()         VOP_SEEK         Test if file is seekable
     int (*vop_remove)()       VOP_REMOVE       Remove a file
     int (*vop_link)()         VOP_LINK         Link a file
     int (*vop_rename)()       VOP_RENAME       Rename a file
     int (*vop_mkdir)()        VOP_MKDIR        Make a new directory
     int (*vop_rmdir)()        VOP_RMDIR        Remove a directory
     int (*vop_symlink)()      VOP_SYMLINK      Create a symbolic link
     int (*vop_readdir)()      VOP_READDIR      Read directory entry
     int (*vop_readlink)()     VOP_READLINK     Read contents of a symlink
     int (*vop_abortop)()      VOP_ABORTOP      Abort pending operation
     int (*vop_inactive)()     VOP_INACTIVE     Release the inactive vnode
     int (*vop_reclaim)()      VOP_RECLAIM      Reclaim vnode for another file
     int (*vop_lock)()         VOP_LOCK         Sleep until vnode lock is free
     int (*vop_unlock)()       VOP_UNLOCK       Wake up process sleeping on lock
     int (*vop_islocked)()     VOP_ISLOCKED     Test if vnode is locked
     int (*vop_bmap)()         VOP_BMAP         Logical block number conversion
     int (*vop_print)()        VOP_PRINT        Print debugging information
     int (*vop_pathconf)()     VOP_PATHCONF     Return POSIX pathconf data
     int (*vop_advlock)()      VOP_ADVLOCK      Advisory record locking
     int (*vop_lease)()        VOP_LEASE        Validate vnode credentials
     int (*vop_whiteout)()     VOP_WHITEOUT     Whiteout vnode
     int (*vop_getpages)()     VOP_GETPAGES     Read VM pages from file
     int (*vop_putpages)()     VOP_PUTPAGES     Write VM pages to file
     int (*vop_strategy)()     VOP_STRATEGY     Read/write a file system buffer
     int (*vop_bwrite)()       VOP_BWRITE       Write a file system buffer
     int (*vop_getextattr)()   VOP_GETEXTATTR   Get extended attribute
     int (*vop_setextattr)()   VOP_SETEXTATTR   Set extended attribute
     int (*vop_listextattr)()  VOP_LISTEXTATTR  List extended attributes

     The implementation details of the vnode operations vector are not quite
     what is described here.

     If the file system type does not support a specific operation, it must
     nevertheless assign an appropriate function in the vnode operations vec-
     tor to do the minimum required of it.  In most cases, such functions
     either do nothing or return an error value to the effect that it is not
     supported.

     Many of the functions in the vnode operations vector take a componentname
     structure.  It is used to encapsulate many parameters into a single func-
     tion argument.  It has the following structure:

     struct componentname {
             /*
              * Arguments to lookup.
              */
             uint32_t cn_nameiop;    /* namei operation */
             uint32_t cn_flags;      /* flags to namei */
             kauth_cred_t cn_cred;   /* credentials */
             /*
              * Shared between lookup and commit routines.
              */
             char    *cn_pnbuf;      /* pathname buffer */
             const char *cn_nameptr; /* pointer to looked up name */
             size_t  cn_namelen;     /* length of looked up component */
             u_long  cn_hash;        /* hash value of looked up name */
             size_t  cn_consume;     /* chars to consume in lookup() */
     };

     The top half of the structure is used exclusively for the pathname
     lookups using VOP_LOOKUP() and is initialized by the caller.  The seman-
     tics of the lookup are affected by the lookup operation specified in
     cn_nameiop and the flags specified in cn_flags.  Valid operations are:

           LOOKUP  perform name lookup only
           CREATE  set up for file creation
           DELETE  set up for file deletion
           RENAME  set up for file renaming
           OPMASK  mask for operation

     Valid values for cn->cn_flags are:

           LOCKLEAF    lock inode on return
           LOCKPARENT  want parent vnode returned locked
           NOCACHE     name must not be left in name cache (see namecache(9))
           FOLLOW      follow symbolic links
           NOFOLLOW    do not follow symbolic links (pseudo)
           MODMASK     mask of operational modifiers

     No vnode operations may be called from interrupt context.  Most opera-
     tions also require the vnode to be locked on entry.  To prevent dead-
     locks, when acquiring locks on multiple vnodes, the lock of parent direc-
     tory must be acquired before the lock on the child directory.

     Vnode operations for a file system type generally should not be called
     directly from the kernel, but accessed indirectly through the high-level
     convenience functions discussed in vnsubr(9).

FUNCTIONS
     VOP_LOOKUP(dvp, vpp, cnp)
              Lookup a single pathname component in a given directory.  The
              argument dvp is the locked vnode of the directory to search and
              cnp is the pathname component to be searched for.  If the path-
              name component is found, the address of the resulting locked
              vnode is returned in vpp.  The operation specified in
              cnp->cn_nameiop gives VOP_LOOKUP() hints about the reason for
              requesting the lookup and uses it to cache file system type spe-
              cific information in the vnode for subsequent operations.

              There are three types of lookups: ".", ".." (ISDOTDOT), and
              other.  If the pathname component being searched for is ".",
              then dvp has an extra reference added to it and it is returned
              in *vpp.  If the pathname component being search for is ".."
              (ISDOTDOT), dvp is unlocked, the ".." node is locked and then
              dvp is relocked.  This process preserves the protocol of always
              locking nodes from root downward and prevents deadlock.  For
              other pathname components, VOP_LOOKUP() checks the accessibility
              of the directory and searches the name cache for the pathname
              component.  See namecache(9).  If the pathname is not found in
              the name cache, the directory is searched for the pathname.  The
              resulting locked vnode is returned in vpp.  dvp is always
              returned locked.

              On failure *vpp is NULL, and *dvp is left locked.  If the opera-
              tion is successful *vpp is locked and zero is returned.  Typi-
              cally, if *vpp and dvp are the same vnode the caller will need
              to release twice (decrement the reference count) and unlock
              once.

     VOP_CREATE(dvp, vpp, cnp, vap)
              Create a new file in a given directory.  The argument dvp is the
              locked vnode of the directory to create the new file in and cnp
              is the pathname component of the new file.  The argument vap
              specifies the attributes that the new file should be created
              with.  If the file is successfully created, the address of the
              resulting locked vnode is returned in vpp and zero is returned.
              Regardless of the return value, the directory vnode dvp will be
              unlocked on return.

              This function is called after VOP_LOOKUP() when a file is being
              created.  Normally, VOP_LOOKUP() will have set the SAVENAME flag
              in cnp->cn_flags to keep the memory pointed to by cnp->cn_pnbuf
              valid.  If an error is detected when creating the file, this
              memory is released.  If the file is created successfully it will
              be released unless the SAVESTART flags in specified in
              cnp->cn_flags.

     VOP_MKNOD(dvp, vpp, cnp, vap)
              Make a new device-special file in a given directory.  The argu-
              ment dvp is the locked vnode of the directory to create the new
              device-special file in and cnp is the pathname component of the
              new device-special file.  The argument vap specifies the
              attributes that the new device-special file should be created
              with.  If the file is successfully created, the address of the
              resulting locked vnode is returned in vpp and zero is returned.

              This function is called after VOP_LOOKUP() when a device-special
              file is being created.  Normally, VOP_LOOKUP() will have set the
              SAVENAME flag in cnp->cn_flags to keep the memory pointed to by
              cnp->cn_pnbuf valid.  If an error is detected when creating the
              device-special file, this memory is released.  If the device-
              special file is created successfully it will be released unless
              the SAVESTART flags in specified in cnp->cn_flags.

     VOP_OPEN(vp, mode, cred)
              Open a file.  The argument vp is the vnode of the file to open
              and mode specifies the access mode required by the calling
              process.  The calling credentials are specified by cred.  The
              access mode is a set of flags, including FREAD, FWRITE, O_NON-
              BLOCK, O_APPEND, etc.  VOP_OPEN() must be called before a file
              can be accessed by a thread.  The vnode reference count is
              incremented.

              VOP_OPEN() expects the vnode vp to be locked on entry and will
              leave it locked on return.  If the operation is successful zero
              is returned, otherwise an appropriate error code is returned.

     VOP_CLOSE(vp, fflag, cred)
              Close a file.  The argument vp is the vnode of the file to close
              and fflag specifies the access mode by the calling process.  The
              possible flags are FREAD, FWRITE and FNONBLOCK.  The calling
              credentials are specified by cred.  VOP_CLOSE() frees resources
              allocated by VOP_OPEN().

              The vnode vp will be locked on entry and should remain locked on
              return.

     VOP_ACCESS(vp, mode, cred)
              Determine the accessibility (permissions) of the file against
              the specified credentials.  The argument vp is the vnode of the
              file to check, mode is the type of access required and cred con-
              tains the user credentials to check.  The argument mode is a
              mask which can contain VREAD, VWRITE or VEXEC.  If the file is
              accessible in the specified way, zero is returned, otherwise an
              appropriate error code is returned.

              The vnode vp will be locked on entry and should remain locked on
              return.

     VOP_GETATTR(vp, vap, cred)
              Get specific vnode attributes on a file.  The argument vp is the
              vnode of the file to get the attributes for.  The argument cred
              specifies the calling credentials.  VOP_GETATTR() uses the file
              system type specific data object vp->v_data to reference the
              underlying file attributes.  Attributes associated with the file
              are collected by setting the required attribute bits in
              vap->va_mask.  The attributes are returned in vap.  Attributes
              which are not available are set to the value VNOVAL.

              For more information on vnode attributes see vattr(9).

     VOP_SETATTR(vp, vap, cred)
              Set specific vnode attributes on a file.  The argument vp is the
              locked vnode of the file to set the attributes for.  The argu-
              ment cred specifies the calling credentials.  VOP_SETATTR() uses
              the file system type specific data object vp->v_data to refer-
              ence the underlying file attributes.  The new attributes are
              defined in vap.  Attributes associated with the file are set by
              setting the required attribute bits in vap->va_mask.  Attributes
              which are not being modified by VOP_SETATTR() should be set to
              the value VNOVAL.  If the operation is successful zero is
              returned, otherwise an appropriate error is returned.

              For more information on vnode attributes see vattr(9).

     VOP_READ(vp, uio, ioflag, cred)
              Read the contents of a file.  The argument vp is the vnode of
              the file to read from, uio is the location to read the data
              into, ioflag is a set of flags and cred are the credentials of
              the calling process.

              The ioflag argument is used to give directives and hints to the
              file system.  When attempting a read, the high 16 bits are used
              to provide a read-ahead hint (in unit of file system blocks)
              that the file system should attempt.  The low 16 bits are a bit
              mask which can contain the following flags:

                    IO_UNIT          do I/O as atomic unit
                    IO_APPEND        append write to end
                    IO_SYNC          sync I/O file integrity completion
                    IO_NODELOCKED    underlying node already locked
                    IO_NDELAY        FNDELAY flag set in file table
                    IO_DSYNC         sync I/O data integrity completion
                    IO_ALTSEMANTICS  use alternate I/O semantics
                    IO_NORMAL        operate on regular data
                    IO_EXT           operate on extended attributes
                    IO_DIRECT        do not buffer data in the kernel

              Zero is returned on success, otherwise an error is returned.
              The vnode should be locked on entry and remains locked on exit.

     VOP_WRITE(vp, uio, ioflag, cred)
              Write to a file.  The argument vp is the vnode of the file to
              write to, uio is the location of the data to write, ioflag is a
              set of flags and cred are the credentials of the calling
              process.

              The ioflag argument is used to give directives and hints to the
              file system.  The low 16 bits are a bit mask which can contain
              the same flags as VOP_READ().

              Zero is returned on success, otherwise an error is returned.
              The vnode should be locked on entry and remains locked on exit.

     VOP_IOCTL(vp, command, data, fflag, cred)
              Perform device-specific I/O.  The argument vp is the locked
              vnode of the file, normally representing a device.  The argument
              command specifies the device-specific operation to perform and
              cnp provides extra data for the specified operation.  The argu-
              ment fflags is a set of flags.  The argument cred is the
              caller's credentials.  If the operation is successful, zero is
              returned, otherwise an appropriate error code is returned.

              Most file systems do not supply a function for VOP_IOCTL().
              This function implements the ioctl(2) system call.

     VOP_FCNTL(vp, command, data, fflag, cred)
              Perform file control.  The argument vp is the locked vnode of
              the file.  The argument command specifies the operation to per-
              form and cnp provides extra data for the specified operation.
              The argument fflags is a set of flags.  The argument cred is the
              caller's credentials.  If the operation is successful, zero is
              returned, otherwise an appropriate error code is returned.

     VOP_POLL(vp, events)
              Test if a poll event has occurred.  The argument vp is the vnode
              of the file to poll.  It returns any events of interest as spec-
              ified by events that may have occurred for the file.  The argu-
              ment events is a set of flags as specified by poll(2).

     VOP_KQFILTER(vp, kn)
              Register a knote kn with the vnode vn.  If the operation is suc-
              cessful zero is returned, otherwise an appropriate error code is
              returned.

     VOP_REVOKE(vp, flags)
              Eliminate all activity associated with the vnode vp.  The argu-
              ment flags is a set of flags.  If REVOKEALL is set in flags all
              vnodes aliased to the vnode vp are also eliminated.  If the
              operation is successful zero is returned, otherwise an appropri-
              ate error is returned.

     VOP_MMAP(vp, prot, cred)
              Inform file system that vp is in the process of being memory
              mapped.  The argument prot specifies the vm access protection
              the vnode is going to be mapped with.  The argument cred is the
              caller's credentials.  If the file system allows the memory map-
              ping, zero is returned, otherwise an appropriate error code is
              returned.

              Most file systems do not supply a function for VOP_MMAP() and
              use genfs_mmap() to default for success.  Only file systems
              which do not integrate with the page cache at all typically want
              to disallow memory mapping.

     VOP_FSYNC(vp, cred, flags, offlo, offhi)
              Flush pending data buffers for a file to disk.  The argument vp
              is the locked vnode of the file for flush.  The argument cred is
              the caller's credentials.  The argument flags is a set of flags.
              If FSYNC_WAIT is specified in flags, the function should wait
              for I/O to complete before returning.  The argument offlo and
              offhi specify the range of file to flush.  If the operation is
              successful zero is returned, otherwise an appropriate error code
              is returned.

              This function implements the sync(2) and fsync(2) system calls.

     VOP_SEEK(vp, oldoff, newoff, cred)
              Test if the file is seekable for the specified offset newoff.
              The argument vp is the locked vnode of the file to test.  For
              most file systems this function simply tests if newoff is valid.
              If the specified newoff is less than zero, the function returns
              error code EINVAL.

     VOP_REMOVE(dvp, vp, cnp)
              Remove a file.  The argument dvp is the locked vnode of the
              directory to remove the file from and vp is the locked vnode of
              the file to remove.  The argument cnp is the pathname component
              about the file to remove.  If the operation is successful zero
              is returned, otherwise an appropriate error code is returned.
              Both dvp and vp are locked on entry and are to be unlocked
              before returning.

     VOP_LINK(dvp, vp, cnp)
              Link to a file.  The argument dvp is the locked node of the
              directory to create the new link and vp is the vnode of the file
              to be linked.  The argument cnp is the pathname component of the
              new link.  If the operation is successful zero is returned, oth-
              erwise an error code is returned.  The directory vnode dvp
              should be locked on entry and will be released and unlocked on
              return.  The vnode vp should not be locked on entry and will
              remain unlocked on return.

     VOP_RENAME(fdvp, fvp, fcnp, tdvp, tvp, tcnp)
              Rename a file.  The argument fdvp is the vnode of the old parent
              directory containing in the file to be renamed and fvp is the
              vnode of the file to be renamed.  The argument fcnp is the path-
              name component about the file to be renamed.  The argument tdvp
              is the vnode of the new directory of the target file and tvp is
              the vnode of the target file (if it exists).  The argument tcnp
              is the pathname component about the file's new name.  If the
              operation is successful zero is returned, otherwise and error
              code is returned.

              The source directory and file vnodes should be unlocked and
              their reference counts should be incremented before entry.  The
              target directory and file vnodes should both be locked on entry.
              VOP_RENAME() updates the reference counts prior to returning.

     VOP_MKDIR(dvp, vpp, cnp, vap)
              Make a new directory in a given directory.  The argument dvp is
              the locked vnode of the directory to create the new directory in
              and cnp is the pathname component of the new directory.  The
              argument vap specifies the attributes that the new directory
              should be created with.  If the file is successfully created,
              the address of the resulting locked vnode is returned in vpp and
              zero is returned.

              This function is called after VOP_LOOKUP() when a directory is
              being created.  Normally, VOP_LOOKUP() will have set the SAVE-
              NAME flag in cnp->cn_flags to keep the memory pointed to by
              cnp->cn_pnbuf valid.  If an error is detected when creating the
              directory, this memory is released.  If the directory is created
              successfully it will be released unless the SAVESTART flags in
              specified in cnp->cn_flags.

     VOP_RMDIR(dvp, vp, cnp)
              Remove a directory in a given directory.  The argument dvp is
              the locked vnode of the directory to remove the directory from
              and vp is the locked vnode of the directory to remove.  The
              argument cnp is the pathname component of the directory.  Zero
              is returned on success, otherwise an error code is returned.
              Both dvp and vp should be locked on entry and will be released
              and unlocked on return.

     VOP_SYMLINK(dvp, vpp, cnp, vap, target)
              Create a symbolic link in a given directory.  The argument dvp
              is the locked vnode of the directory to create the symbolic link
              in and cnp is the pathname component of the symbolic link.  The
              argument vap specifies the attributes that the symbolic link
              should be created with and target specifies the pathname of the
              target of the symbolic link.  If the symbolic link is success-
              fully created, the address of the resulting locked vnode is
              returned in vpp and zero is returned.

              This function is called after VOP_LOOKUP() when a symbolic link
              is being created.  Normally, VOP_LOOKUP() will have set the
              SAVENAME flag in cnp->cn_flags to keep the memory pointed to by
              cnp->cn_pnbuf valid.  If an error is detected when creating the
              symbolic link, this memory is released.  If the symbolic link is
              created successfully it will be released unless the SAVESTART
              flags in specified in cnp->cn_flags.

     VOP_READDIR(vp, uio, cred, eofflag, cookies, ncookies)
              Read directory entry.  The argument vp is the vnode of the
              directory to read the contents of and uio is the destination
              location to read the contents into.  The argument cred is the
              caller's credentials.  The argument eofflag is the pointer to a
              flag which is set by VOP_READDIR() to indicate an end-of-file
              condition.  If eofflag is NULL, the end-of-file condition is not
              returned.  The arguments cookies and ncookies specify the
              addresses for the list and number of directory seek cookies gen-
              erated for NFS.  Both cookies and ncookies should be NULL if
              they aren't required to be returned by VOP_READDIR().  The
              directory contents are read into struct dirent structures and
              uio->uio_offset is set to the offset of the next unread direc-
              tory entry.  This offset may be used in a following invocation
              to continue a sequential read of the directory contents.  If the
              operation is successful zero is returned, otherwise an appropri-
              ate error code is returned.

              The directory should be locked on entry and will remain locked
              on return.

              In case ncookies and cookies are supplied, one cookie should be
              returned per directory entry.  The value of the cookie for each
              directory entry should be the offset within the directory where
              the on-disk version of the following directory entry starts.
              That is, for each directory entry i, the corresponding cookie
              should refer to the offset of directory entry i + 1.

              Note that the cookies array must be allocated by the callee
              using the M_TEMP malloc type as callers of VOP_READDIR() must be
              able to free the allocation.

     VOP_READLINK(vp, uio, cred)
              Read the contents of a symbolic link.  The argument vp is the
              locked vnode of the symlink and uio is the destination location
              to read the contents into.  The argument cred is the credentials
              of the caller.  If the operation is successful zero is returned,
              otherwise an error code is returned.

              The vnode should be locked on entry and will remain locked on
              return.

     VOP_ABORTOP(dvp, cnp)
              Abort pending operation on vnode dvp and free resources allo-
              cated in cnp.

              This operation is rarely implemented in file systems and
              genfs_abortop() is typically used instead.

     VOP_INACTIVE(vp)
              Release the inactive vnode.  VOP_INACTIVE() is called when the
              kernel is no longer using the vnode.  This may be because the
              reference count reaches zero or it may be that the file system
              is being forcibly unmounted while there are open files.  It can
              be used to reclaim space for open but deleted files.  The argu-
              ment vp is the locked vnode to be released.  If the operation is
              successful zero is returned, otherwise an appropriate error code
              is returned.  The vnode vp must be locked on entry, and will be
              unlocked on return.

     VOP_RECLAIM(vp)
              Reclaim the vnode for another file system.  VOP_RECLAIM() is
              called when a vnode is being reused for a different file system.
              Any file system specific resources associated with the vnode
              should be freed.  The argument vp is the vnode to be reclaimed.
              If the operation is successful zero is returned, otherwise an
              appropriate error code is returned.  The vnode vp should not be
              locked on entry, and will remain unlocked on return.

     VOP_LOCK(vp, flags)
              Sleep until vnode lock is free.  The argument vp is the vnode of
              the file to be locked.  The argument flags is a set of
              lockmgr(9) flags.  If the operation is successful zero is
              returned, otherwise an appropriate error code is returned.
              VOP_LOCK() is used to serialize access to the file system such
              as to prevent two writes to the same file from happening at the
              same time.  Kernel code should use vn_lock(9) to lock a vnode
              rather than calling VOP_LOCK() directly.

     VOP_UNLOCK(vp, flags)
              Wake up process sleeping on lock.  The argument vp is the vnode
              of the file to be unlocked.  The argument flags is a set of
              lockmgr(9) flags.  If the operation is successful zero is
              returned, otherwise an appropriate error code is returned.
              VOP_UNLOCK() is used to serialize access to the file system such
              as to prevent two writes to the same file from happening at the
              same time.

     VOP_ISLOCKED(vp)
              Test if the vnode vp is locked.  Possible return values are
              LK_EXCLUSIVE, LK_SHARED or 0 for lock held exclusively by the
              calling thread, shared lock held by anyone or unlocked, respec-
              tively.

     VOP_BMAP(vp, bn, vpp, bnp, runp)
              Convert the logical block number bn of a file specified by vnode
              vp to its physical block number on the disk.  The physical block
              is returned in bnp.  In case the logical block is not allocated,
              -1 is used.

              If vpp is not NULL, the vnode of the device vnode for the file
              system is returned in the address specified by vpp.  If runp is
              not NULL, the number of contiguous blocks starting from the next
              block after the queried block will be returned in runp.

     VOP_PRINT(vp)
              Print debugging information.  The argument vp is the vnode to
              print.  If the operation is successful zero is returned, other-
              wise an appropriate error code is returned.

     VOP_PATHCONF(vp, name, retval)
              Implement POSIX pathconf(2) and fpathconf(2) support.  The argu-
              ment vp is the locked vnode to get information about.  The argu-
              ment name specified the type of information to return.  The
              information is returned in the address specified by retval.
              Valid values for name are:

                    _PC_LINK_MAX          return the maximum number of links
                                          to a file
                    _PC_NAME_MAX          return the maximum number of bytes
                                          in a file name
                    _PC_PATH_MAX          return the maximum number of bytes
                                          in a pathname
                    _PC_PIPE_BUF          return the maximum number of bytes
                                          which will be written atomically to
                                          a pipe
                    _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED  return 1 if appropriate privileges
                                          are required for the chown(2) system
                                          call, otherwise zero
                    _PC_NO_TRUNC          return if file names longer than
                                          KERN_NAME_MAX are truncated

              If name is recognized, *retval is set to the specified value and
              zero is returned, otherwise an appropriate error is returned.

     VOP_ADVLOCK(vp, id, op, fl, flags)
              Manipulate Advisory record locks on a vnode.  The argument vp is
              the vnode on which locks are manipulated.  The argument id is
              the id token which is changing the lock and op is the fcntl(2)
              operation to perform.  Valid values are:

                    F_SETLK  set lock
                    F_GETLK  get the first conflicted lock
                    F_UNLCK  clear lock

              The argument fl is a description of the lock.  In the case of
              SEEK_CUR, The caller should add the current file offset to
              fl->l_start beforehand.  VOP_ADVLOCK() treats SEEK_CUR as
              SEEK_SET.

              The argument flags is the set of flags.  Valid values are:

                    F_WAIT   wait until lock is granted
                    F_FLOCK  use flock(2) semantics for lock
                    F_POSIX  use POSIX semantics for lock

              If the operation is successful zero is returned, otherwise an
              appropriate error is returned.

     VOP_LEASE(vp, cred, flags)
              Validate vnode credentials and operation type.  The argument vp
              is the locked vnode of the file to validate credentials cred.
              The argument flags specifies the operation flags.  If the opera-
              tion is successful zero is returned, otherwise an appropriate
              error code is returned.  The vnode must be locked on entry and
              remains locked on return.

     VOP_WHITEOUT(dvp, cnp, flags)
              Whiteout pathname component in directory with vnode dvp.  The
              argument cnp specifies the pathname component to whiteout.

     VOP_GETPAGES(vp, offset, m, count, centeridx, access_type, advice, flags)
              Read VM pages from file.  The argument vp is the locked vnode to
              read the VM pages from.  The argument offset is offset in the
              file to start accessing and m is an array of VM pages.  The
              argument count points a variable that specifies the number of
              pages to read.  If the operation is successful zero is returned,
              otherwise an appropriate error code is returned.  If PGO_LOCKED
              is specified in flags, VOP_GETPAGES() might return less pages
              than requested.  In that case, the variable pointed to by count
              will be updated.

              This function is primarily used by the page-fault handing mecha-
              nism.

     VOP_PUTPAGES(vp, offlo, offhi, flags)
              Write modified (dirty) VM pages to file.  The argument vp is the
              vnode to write the VM pages to.  The vnode's vm object lock
              (v_uobj.vmobjlock) must be held by the caller and will be
              released upon return.  The arguments offlo and offhi specify the
              range of VM pages to write.  In case offhi is given as 0, all
              pages at and after the start offset offlo belonging the vnode vp
              will be written.  The argument flags controls the behavior of
              the routine and takes the vm pager's flags (PGO_ -prefixed).  If
              the operation is successful zero is returned, otherwise an
              appropriate error code is returned.

              The function is primarily used by the pageout handling mechanism
              and is commonly implemented indirectly by genfs_putpages() with
              the help of VOP_STRATEGY() and VOP_BMAP().

     VOP_STRATEGY(vp, bp)
              Read/write a file system buffer.  The argument vp is the vnode
              to read/write to.  The argument bp is the buffer to be read or
              written.  VOP_STRATEGY() will either read or write data to the
              file depending on the value of bp->b_flags.  If the operation is
              successful zero is returned, otherwise an appropriate error code
              is returned.

     VOP_BWRITE(bp)
              Write a file system buffer.  The argument bp specifies the
              buffer to be written.  If the operation is successful zero is
              returned, otherwise an appropriate error code is returned.

     VOP_GETEXTATTR(vp, attrnamespace, name, uio, size, cred)
              Get an extended attribute.  The argument vp is the locked vnode
              of the file or directory from which to retrieve the attribute.
              The argument attrnamespace specifies the extended attribute
              namespace.  The argument name is a nul-terminated character
              string naming the attribute to retrieve.  The argument uio, if
              not NULL, specifies where the extended attribute value is to be
              written.  The argument size, if not NULL, will contain the num-
              ber of bytes required to read all of the attribute data upon
              return.  In most cases, uio will be NULL when size is not, and
              vice versa.  The argument cred specifies the user credentials to
              use when authorizing the request.

     VOP_SETEXTATTR(vp, attrnamespace, name, uio, cred)
              Set an extended attribute.  The argument vp is the locked vnode
              of the file or directory to which to store the attribute.  The
              argument namespace specifies the extended attribute namespace.
              The argument name is a nul-terminated character string naming
              the attribute to store.  The argument uio specifies the source
              of the extended attribute data.  The argument cred specifies the
              user credentials to use when authorizing the request.

     VOP_LISTEXTATTR(vp, attrnamespace, uio, size, cred)
              Retrieve the list of extended attributes.  The argument vp is
              the locked vnode of the file or directory whose attributes are
              to be listed.  The argument attrnamespace specifies the extended
              attribute namespace.  The argument uio, if not NULL, specifies
              where the extended attribute list is to be written.  The argu-
              ment size, if not NULL, will contain the number of bytes
              required to read all of the attribute names upon return.  In
              most cases, uio will be NULL when size is not, and vice versa.
              The argument cred specifies the user credentials to use when
              authorizing the request.

ERRORS
     [ENOATTR]          The requested attribute is not defined for this vnode.

     [ENOTDIR]          The vnode does not represent a directory.

     [ENOENT]           The component was not found in the directory.

     [ENOSPC]           The file system is full.

     [EDQUOT]           Quota exceeded.

     [EACCES]           Access for the specified operation is denied.

     [EJUSTRETURN]      A CREATE or RENAME operation would be successful.

     [EPERM]            an attempt was made to change an immutable file

     [ENOTEMPTY]        attempt to remove a directory which is not empty

     [EINVAL]           attempt to read from an illegal offset in the direc-
                        tory; unrecognized input

     [EIO]              a read error occurred while reading the directory or
                        reading the contents of a symbolic link

     [EROFS]            the file system is read-only

SEE ALSO
     extattr(9), intro(9), lock(9), namei(9), vattr(9), vfs(9), vfsops(9),
     vnode(9)

HISTORY
     The vnode operations vector, its functions and the corresponding macros
     appeared in 4.3BSD.

NetBSD 5.0_STABLE               August 5, 2008               NetBSD 5.0_STABLE
